THE HIGHER EDUCATION TECHNICAL SCHOOL OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES IN NOVI SAD


International Conference ACCHE
Annual conference on Challenges of Contemporary Higher Education


Hotel Club A, Kopaonik, Serbia, on 03.02.2025 – 07.02.2025
BOOK OF PROCEEDINGS

ISBN-978-86-6211-150-0 | Impresum | CIP
Contact: The higher education technical school of professional studies in Novi Sad, telephone/fax: +381 21 4892511 / +381 21 4892515,
е-mail: skola@vtsns.edu.rs

* Iako su svi radovi objavljeni u Zborniku prošli postupak recenzije, svu odgovornost za sadržaj objavljenih radova snose isključivo autori.

* Although all works published in this Book of Proceedings have undergone a peer review process, all responsibility for the content of the published works rests solely with the authors.

EDITOR’S PREFACE

The International Conference “Annual conference on Challenges of Contemporary Higher Education” is being held for the from February 2-7, 2025 in Kopaonik. This Book of Proceedings includes 209 accepted papers. A total of 474 autors and co-authors successfully participated in the writing of papers for this year's conference. As well as every year, the papers came from various institutions from several countries. From year to year, the number of papers is increasing, so we are pleased to note that the number and quality of papers exceed the previously held conferences. This is primarily contributed by the authors of the papers. We thank them for sharing their quality research on this conference. We also owe a great deal of thanks to the reviewers who further helped to improve the quality of the papers. We also thank the technical support team who gave this Book of Proceedings its final form. This year, the Proceedings have been edited in the form of a clickable website, which will hopefully contribute to the easier retrieval and citation of the papers of the authors.


Novi Sad, February 2025
Editors:
Phd. Petra Tanović, Prof

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Electrical engineering and information technology





Key words: science, technology, innovation, interdisciplinarity, sustainability, information and communication technologies (ICT), ethics
Abstract: Progress in science and technology forms the foundation of modern society, enabling faster, more efficient, and sustainable solutions to global challenges. Innovations are the key drivers of this progress, transforming not only industries but also everyday life. This paper explores how interdisciplinary approaches and technological innovations accelerate development in areas such as medicine, renewable energy, information and communication technologies, and artificial intelligence, considering their potential to transform various sectors. Special attention is given to the impact of scientific and technological discoveries on socio-economic development, as well as the ethical dilemmas that accompany these changes. Only through the strategic direction of innovation can we address the challenges of the future and build a knowledge-based society.





Key words: Artificial intelligence (AI), Manufacturing design, AI implementation, Machine learning in industry, Innovative manufacturing
Abstract: This paper explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of design and advancement of manufacturing technologies. The research aims to analyze the challenges of implementing AI, including ethical implications and regulatory requirements. It provides a detailed overview of methods, tools, and technologies used in developing AI-based manufacturing systems. Based on the results of the analysis, the paper examines the main advantages, challenges, and perspectives for further development. Ethical considerations and regulatory demands are also discussed to ensure a balanced perspective.







Key words: Databases; SQL; E – learning; Educational system; Digital education
Abstract: E-learning represents a significant advance in the education sector, allowing students and teachers to access educational resources via the Internet. Within this work, the focus is on the implementation of a database that will effectively support e-learning. The proposed database system is designed to manage key data, such as information about users (students), courses, learning materials, grades and progress. The database allows efficient data storage and access, while its structure allows simple monitoring of student progress, as well as personalization of the educational experience. The system integrates data analytics, which enables the monitoring of educational trends, student evaluation and strategic decision-making at the institutional level. By addressing challenges such as scalability, data security, and system performance, this paper provides a foundation for effective database use in e-learning, thereby enhancing the overall education experience and optimizing the educational process. Through implementation, the paper shows the importance of databases in modern educational technologies, as well as their contribution to the improvement of the e-learning process and monitoring of individual student results.





Key words: computer science, primary school, programming, lerning, Roblox Studio
Abstract: Technology is rapidly advancing, with particular emphasis on the innovative development of information and communication technology (ICT), which significantly impacts all layers of society (both adults and children). This paper presents a creative example of developing a video game in Roblox Studio, incorporating programming elements and integrating it with the 3D modeling program Blender. The analysis will be descriptive and supported by practical examples. Roblox Studio is a program used not only for playing video games but also for creating them on the Roblox platform. In this way, children express their creativity and imagination in developing their own games while also playing games created by other platform users, exchanging experiences in the process.








Key words: Electrical installations, connection, overhead network, cable network, grounding, residual current protective device.
Abstract: This paper aims to address the irregularities that arise during the connection and execution of lowvoltage (LV) electrical installations, with a particular focus on the challenges associated with overhead connections for household installations to the LV network. The connection of residential buildings, typically performed using underground cables, and industrial facilities, which often include dedicated transformer stations (TS), present fewer complications. However, a significant concern is the frequent current overload of cables and conductors in low-voltage systems. Another critical issue lies in the misalignment between the national legal framework and the European standards adopted from the European Union. Despite their formal adoption, these standards are insufficiently harmonized with national laws and regulations, resulting in a regulatory gap. This disconnect is often exploited by contractors to obscure negligence, errors, or inadequate expertise, exacerbating the challenges in ensuring safe and reliable LV electrical installations.




Key words: Industry 5.0, sustainability, human-machine collaboration, circular economy, AI strategy, ethical design
Abstract: : Industry 5.0 marks a shift to a human-centric, sustainable industrial era, focusing on human-machine collaboration and environmental responsibility. It builds on Industry 4.0's digital foundation, integrating cognitive computing and robotics for personalized, resilient production. The concept emphasizes sustainability, circular economy principles, and ethical design. Research highlights human-robot cooperation and resilient manufacturing to address modern challenges like supply chain disruptions. In Serbia, AI development plays a crucial role in this transition. The country’s AI strategy supports education, innovation, and infrastructure to promote sustainable economic growth, aligning with Industry 5.0 principles and advancing both technologically and ethically.





Key words: Principal component analysis (PCA), urban drought, drought-related parameters, dimensionality reduction, statistical method
Abstract: Drought is a complex natural phenomenon that requires accurate assessment and monitoring to mitigate its impacts on agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) offers a robust statistical method for evaluating multiple drought-related parameters by reducing dimensionality while retaining critical information. This paper explores the application of PCA to identify and assess the most relevant drought-related parameters. By analyzing historical datasets, PCA effectively identifies patterns and correlations among these variables, enabling the extraction of principal components that explain the majority of variance within the dataset. The results provide insights into the dominant factors driving drought conditions and facilitate the creation of a composite drought index for improved monitoring. The results indicate that soil moisture positively correlated with wind speed and precipitation, whereas air temperature showed the most significant negative correlation. PCA analysis is very useful, as it simplifies multi-dimensional drought datasets, enhances parameter prioritization, and supports decision-making processes for drought preparedness and mitigation strategies.





Key words: Machine learning, classification, decision tree, logistic regression, stress, students
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of classification models in predicting stress levels in students, with a particular focus on the correlation between variables such as study hours and sleep hours and stress levels. The correlation between these variables is established as the foundation for building and evaluating predictive models. Classification models such as logistic regression and decision tree were employed in the study, and their results were analyzed using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. This work contributes to the understanding of the application of machine learning in stress research within an educational context, offering insights into the advantages and challenges associated with various approaches.






Key words: convolution, interpolation, interpolation kernel, kernel parameter
Abstract: In the first part of the paper, two fourth-order interpolation kernels, with and without parameterization, are described. Coefficients of polynomials, from which the kernels were created by segments, in accordance with the requirements, so that a good approximation of the ideal sinc kernel, were calculated. The second part of the paper presents the results of the experiment, in which test images were interpolated, and in which the precision of interpolation of both kernels was tested. The precision of the interpolation is expressed through the mean square error. The analysis of the results showed a higher precision of the parameterized kernel.



Key words: germination and plant development, electrostatic field
Abstract: This research focuses on the design and development of electronic and mechanical components for a hardware system aimed at investigating the effects of electrostatic fields on plant germination, growth, and development. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of plant biology by exploring the relatively underresearched influence of electrostatic fields on key physiological processes. The hardware system includes a highvoltage source for generating electrostatic fields, utilizing a diode-based high-voltage cascade, rectangular perforated metal electrodes arranged in a parallel plate capacitor configuration, and a germination chamber made of insulating plastic. The chamber is larger than the electrodes and equipped with mechanisms to maintain stable environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. The construction of the system was successfully completed, and the intended experiments were conducted using this setup, providing valuable insights into the interaction between electrostatic fields and plant growth dynamics.



Key words: Graph algorithms, Single node dominator, Graph traversal, Algorithm design
Abstract: This paper presents a novel algorithm for identifying dominator nodes in Single-Entry Single-Exit (SESE) directed graphs, focusing specifically on the identification of dominators for a single node, a critical problem in graph analysis. Traditional algorithms compute dominators for all nodes in the graph, but our approach targets the efficient computation of dominators for a single node in linear time, offering a significant improvement in scenarios where dominator information for only one node is required. The proposed algorithm is rigorously analyzed for its time complexity, correctness, and termination. A comparative evaluation with existing comprehensive algorithms is provided, highlighting the performance and advantages of the new approach. The implementation and experimental results confirm the algorithm’s efficiency and suitability for practical applications.




Key words: service area delineation, network distance approach, urban planning, QGIS, GIS analysis
Abstract: The objective of this study is to show possible applications of geomatics in the filed of urban planning. Using QGIS, open-source GIS software, three methods for delineating service area were employed, in order to determine the boundaries of geographic accessibility of Clinical Center Niš. First method applied in this study was buffering method. It was done by creating a buffer zone with the 5km radius around target location. Since buffering method does not account for existing road network, the network distance-based approach was employed and the second method applied was the shortest network distance method. For size of Iso-Area value of 5000m was chosen. Third method applied in this study was speed-based delineation method, for which 5 minutes interval was set. The results obtained show that the network distance-based methods provide higher accuracy, comparing to buffering method, emphasizing their ability to recognize differences in accessibility across the urban environment.







Key words: Digital Twins, Microsoft Azure, structure, technologies, properties, applications
Abstract: Digital Twins technology is based on virtual representations of physical objects, processes, or systems, integrating real-time data and simulations to monitor, analyze, and optimize performance. There are numerous and complex Digital Twins software platforms. This paper explores the Azure Digital Twins platform, emphasizing its structure, encompassing entities, relationships, properties and behaviors. A welldefined framework enables users to simulate real-world scenarios, analyze data, and enhance decision-making processes. Digital Twins find extensive application across industries such as aerospace, automotive, healthcare, energy, and manufacturing, where they facilitate predictive maintenance, operational optimization, and cost reduction. By integrating with IoT (Internet of Things) and AI (Artificial Intelligence), Azure Digital Twins supports scenario simulation, predictive analytics, decision-making, promoting efficiency and productivity. The goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles, architecture, and applications of Digital Twins technology, highlighting its potential to drive innovation and foster sustainable practices across diverse industrial sectors.




Key words: speech transmission index, reverberation time, prediction, error estimation
Abstract: This paper presents the estimation of the STI prediction error, using RT, of the TSTI and ElinSTI regression equations. The RT values, at the central frequencies of the octave band, were experimentally determined for the amphitheater of the Niš Department of the Academy of Applied Technical and Preschool Studies. Using the Matlab and EASERA software packages, STI values were calculated. A comparison with the STI parameter values obtained using TSTI, ElinSTI and the proposed regression prediction equation was performed through statistical analysis. The first part of the paper presents the proposed prediction equations and explains their comparative statistical analysis. The second part of the paper presents the experimental results (in tabular and graphical form) and an analysis of the results, based on which a conclusion is drawn regarding the estimation of the STI prediction error of the TSTI and ElinSTI equations.






Key words: computer literacy, web page editing, ICDL, students, higher education, COVID-19
Abstract: The inevitability of the Internet in private, business and academic life requires the necessity of knowing the basic terms and technologies on which the functioning of the global computer network relies, together with the principles and tools for editing web pages. In this paper, we examined the success of students at the Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad (Serbia) in meeting the international ICDL standard based on their results in the midterm and final exams of the elective course Introduction to Web Design during the academic years from 2016/17 to 2023/24. The average percentage of students who met all the requirements for obtaining the corresponding ICDL certificate was approximately 55%, with a slight downward trend and a noticeable negative impact on student achievements at midterm exams during the COVID-19 pandemic.





Key words: circular economy, artificial intelligence, sustainability, data analytics, manufacturing, industry 4.0
Abstract: This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to investigate the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in advancing circular economy practices, sustainability, and manufacturing innovation. The analysis identifies key contributors, dominant research streams, and emerging trends within this multidisciplinary domain. By systematically reviewing academic literature, the study maps the intellectual landscape, showcasing influential authors and publications that have shaped the field. The findings provide critical insights into the evolution of research on AI applications in sustainable manufacturing and circular economy strategies, highlighting the transformative potential of AI in optimizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. This analysis offers valuable guidance for academics and industry professionals, providing a foundation for understanding recent advancements and pinpointing research gaps. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of AI in driving sustainable innovation, paving the way for more efficient and environmentally responsible manufacturing systems.





Key words: UML, System design, Travel agency software, Software architecture
Abstract: The growing complexity of operations in the tourism industry demands efficient and scalable information systems. The entire process can be divided into two phases: (1) creating a plan (draft) for the application and analyzing the needs and functionalities, so-called the pre-development phase, and (2) the application development phase. This paper is the first of two that presents the development of an application—an information system tailored to the needs of a travel agency, focusing on its architectural framework. The focus is on the pre-development phase, including system requirements analysis, business process modeling, and the definition of use cases. Key diagrams, such as use case, class, and sequence diagrams, are utilized to capture functional and non-functional requirements, ensuring seamless alignment with business goals. The proposed framework emphasizes modularity, data integrity, and scalability, providing a structured approach for future implementation. This research offers a foundation for the subsequent development of a WPF application that will enhance service delivery and operational efficiency in travel agencies.



Key words: Artificial Intelligence, Python, Julia, R, programming.
Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies across various domains has become a critical requirement in the current stage of societal development. Complex AI algorithms are being developed using advanced programming languages that enable efficient data analysis and scalable solutions. Among the most prominent languages in this field are Python, Julia, and R, each with its unique advantages and limitations. This paper analyzes the performance, ease of use, and richness of AI libraries offered by these languages. The goal of this study is to identify the most suitable language for different tasks. The conclusions are drawn based on technical specifications, practical examples, and findings from previous research.




Key words: Microbiological quality, minced meat, meat semi-products, GPT-4o, JavaScript, programming language
Abstract: Microbiological examinations of meat included the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. The aim of the research was to examine the microbiological quality of minced meat and meat semi-products and to determine whether the samples meet the microbiological criteria. The results of the microbiological examination of the meat were analyzed using GPT-4O.The authors took care to format the input questions in such a way as to direct GPT-4o to the desired data sources





Key words: Windows, virtual machine, operational system, Hyper-V
Abstract: Nowadays, multiple applications from various developers enable us to create virtual machines on our physical computers. Windows 10 includes the Hyper-V program, which also allows us to create virtual machines. This paper outlines the necessary system requirements for creating a virtual machine using Hyper-V, explains how to enable the Hyper-V program in Windows 10, and describes the process of creating a virtual machine with it.






Key words: K-Nearest Neighbors, Classification, Student preferences, Innovative technologies, Education
Abstract: This paper deals with the implementation of the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm for the analysis of student preferences towards innovative technologies in education. Considering the rapid development of digital technologies and their impact on the educational system, the tendency of students to apply innovative methods in learning was investigated. The survey collected data on student attitudes and experiences regarding the use of digital tools and technologies in the learning process. The KNN algorithm was applied to classify students according to their preferences and recognize patterns that indicate groupings of students with similar attitudes. The aim of this research is to provide insight into how students accept new technologies in education and to identify key factors that influence their motivation and success in learning. The results can contribute to a better understanding of students' needs and help in the development of strategies for the effective integration of innovative technologies in teaching.





Key words: steganography, Upgraded Petri Nets, encryption, histogram, modeling, simulation, analysis
Abstract: The main goal of this paper is to present Upgraded Petri Net models for an image steganography algorithm, to transform these models into programming code, and to check out the models. The first model includes as follows: importing two images (one cover and one secret image we want to encrypt and hide), making a histogram of an image, making a crypt map, hiding an encrypted image into the carrier image, and making a steganography image. The second model extracts a hidden encrypted image from a steganography image and decrypts the extracted image. Input parameters are: the start point of encrypt mode, the start point of the map for encrypt, the start point of hiding bytes, a carrier image, a secret image, and an output image path. After several modeling, simulation, and analysis cycles, the models were translated into programming code. We further use this code to check our models. These histograms have been created for both the carrier and the steganography image. The practical results confirm the correctness of the two Upgraded Petri Net models referring to our steganography hiding image algorithm.






Key words: emotion assesment, fundamental frequency, first derivative, emotion, confusion matrix
Abstract: In this paper, we conducted an analysis of speaker emotions through speech evaluation. The Introduction section introduces an algorithm designed to assess emotional speech, which is grounded in the examination of the fundamental frequency path (F0). This assessment employs a decision line derived from the first derivative of the frequency, specifically utilizing a positive frequency increment. Initially, an algorithm that establishes criteria for detecting emotions in plane (F0,(1) F0) is described . The decision criterion distinguishing between Normal and Anxiety emotions was defined during the preliminary training phase based on the testing emotions from Base. The next section of the paper presents an experiment focusing on the statistical evaluation of accuracy concerning speaker emotion classification. To evaluation the efficacy of emotional estimations, a confusion matrix was utilized. The results from these experiments are presented both in tabular and graphical formats.





Key words: guitar note detection, deep learning, convolutional neural network, mel-spectrogram, modeling, analysis
Abstract: The paper presents an application for guitar note detection using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The choice to use a CNN was made based on the existing usage and application of such deep-learning models in speech recognition. The initial step in the processing of the audio recording is filtering out irrelevant low and high frequencies. That is followed by the detection of segments and recognizing which note is present in each of those segments. The segments are converted into mel spectrograms, and used as input for the CNN model. Based on CNN's predictions, an array of recognized notes is generated according to the musical letter notation system. The presented application is specifically designed for processing audio recordings of electric or acoustic guitars. The CNN model was successfully incorporated into an application written in the Python programming language. Executing this application produced experimental results, which are shown and described in the paper. These results confirm the accuracy and reliability of the note detection model provided by the convolutional neural network.



Key words: Threshold decision-making, biometric facial recognition, Bayesian optimization, Grid Search
Abstract: The accuracy of biometric facial recognition systems depends on a well-defined decision-making threshold that controls the rate of false positive verification results of unregistered users (FAR) and false negative results of verification of registered users (FRR). The decision threshold defines the balance between the security of the system and a better user experience. Greater security means a reduction in the ability to accept unauthorized users (low FAR), while a better user experience means a reduction in the number of unauthorized user rejection errors (low FRR). In this paper, three adapted methods for determining the decision threshold in biometric systems are presented, the methods are adapted for application in extreme conditions, such as facial recognition of users with masks. Method 1 uses the Gaussian optimization process. Method 2 is used to create a decision threshold based on the defined relationship between the FAR and FRR errors. Method 3 is based on the Grid Search algorithm. The results of the research show the potential of these methods with the possibility to use one of three adapted methods of calculating the decision threshold, depending on the implementation.






Key words: digitalization, fashion, textile industry, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, digital platforms
Abstract: Digitization has been very influential in the fashion and textile industry it has been reshaping the traditional business model, and also it has added the new dimensions to the production, sale, and promotion of products. One of the main achievements of digitalization is the use of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and „big data“ analytics that have enabled companies to better know customer preferences and also to predict trends, and to improve production processes. The digital world and social media have even more massively globalized fashion trends, consequently, brands and designers may react to the global audience almost immediately. This paper will discuss a comprehensive overview of the effects of digital technology on textile and fashion industry as well as how it adopted various technologies as the industry got older.





Key words: social network analysis (SNA), visualization tools, innovation, network science, mapping, graph theory, technical sciences
Abstract: This paper explores the application of social network analysis (SNA) visualization tools in technical sciences, highlighting its role in understanding collaboration, innovation, and industrial networks. Several tools, including AllegroGraph, Commetrix, Cytoscape, Draw.io, GraphStream, Graphviz, Gephi, JUNG, Kumu, NetDraw, Netlytic, NetMiner, NetworkX, NodeXL, PARTNERCPRM, PARTNERme, Pajek, Pollinode, Python, Statnet, SocNetV, Tulip andUCINET are reviewed to assess their capabilities and suitability for various technical applications. Using a comparative approach that integrates literature review and case studies, the paper aims to demonstrate the value of SNA tools in enhancing collaboration, information dissemination, and innovation in technical domains.





Key words: DevOps, Lean, Continuous Delivery, Software development practices
Abstract: As we have already experienced, delivering software can be a very time-intensive and risky process, often plagued by integration issues and last-minute defects that can lead to dissatisfaction among users, business stakeholders, and development teams. Additionally, a lack of collaboration between teams can result in the implementation of problematic code. This paper offers a comprehensive overview of various software delivery practices designed to enhance the process's efficiency and effectiveness. These practices focus on continuous process improvement and the cultural changes needed to create a better working environment.







Key words: Simple Authentication, Two-factor Authentication, Analysis, Accounts, GoPhish, Users
Abstract: In the age of modern civilization, when visiting people on the Internet is classified as a daily routine, the security of user accounts has never been more important. The Internet, as a source of large amounts of data, poses a risk of various cyber threats. The security of user accounts has become an indispensable segment of cyber security because unauthorized access can lead to serious consequences for the user. Inadequate protection of user accounts provides an opportunity for attackers to compromise accounts and access confidential information with minimal effort. One form of cyber threats phishing attacks, which are considered one of the most common methods of data theft. Phishing attacks are one of the forms of cyber attacks, where users are sent fake e-mails that appear to be sent from a relevant source, with the aim of "stealing" vulnerable data from users, such as credit card numbers, passwords, etc.





Key words: BGP, multihoming, BGP attributes, route maps, route optimization, confederation
Abstract: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) serves as a fundamental routing protocol for exchanging route information between autonomous systems on the Internet. Its application is essential in enabling multihoming configurations, allowing corporate networks to maintain connections with multiple Internet Service Providers (ISPs) simultaneously. This ensures improved reliability and load balancing for network operations. The introductory section provides an overview of BGP's functionalities and highlights its key characteristics, followed by an exploration of techniques for establishing multihoming setups. In the practical segment, a simulated network scenario demonstrates the use of BGP in connecting a private network to two different ISPs, utilizing the GNS3 emulator. The focus is placed on advanced configuration capabilities, including various atributes such as route optimization, confederation setup, and route mapping. Finally, particular attention is given to network administration, including identifying and resolving potential issues to maintain a robust and efficient network infrastructure.








Key words: ChatGPT, ChatGPTZero, Wolfram Alpha, Cognii, Quizlet, ALEKS, Piazza
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are reshaping education with tools that improve both learning and teaching. ChatGPT and ChatGPTZero provide conversational support and verify the authenticity of generated content, contributing to an ethical academic environment. Wolfram Alpha provides complex problem solving and provides accurate answers based on advanced computing. Cognii uses AI for conversational instruction and personalized feedback. Quizlet facilitates interactive learning through educational flashcards, and ALEKS assesses knowledge and adapts courses based on progress. Piazza improves collaboration between students and teachers through a platform for interactive discussions and questions. These tools help to streamline education and create more engaging and accessible learning experiences.





Key words: Zero-Trust, asset, implementation, monitoring, MFA, IAM
Abstract: Zero Trust Architecture represents a response to increasingly complex and sophisticated threats in cyberspace, which traditional security models can no longer adequately address. ZTA is a comprehensive and holistic strategy that requires integration across various elements, including identities, endpoints, networks, data, applications, and infrastructure. Governance and compliance are essential for implementing the principles of Zero Trust.For these reasons, transitioning to a Zero Trust Architecture is not a straightforward process but one that must be carefully planned and gradually introduced. This paper presents the fundamental principles of Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), key technologies supporting ZTA, and recommendations for transitioning from a traditional security model to a Zero Trust framework, illustrated through the example of a small enterprise.



Key words: classification, machine learning, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron, n-fold cross-validation
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to create a model that will show to students of the Higher Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad if there is a risk of failure after the first year of studies; and also to demonstrate how machine learning models work in a simple and practical example. The model is based on information regarding student grades from courses in the first year of study and the number of attempts to pass the exams. The data was collected from the information system of the Higher Technical School of Professional Studies in Novi Sad, over a period of four academic years (2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20 and 2020/21). Two algorithms used for modeling: logistic regression and multilayer perceptron. Using a 10-fold cross-validation, both algorithms produced similar accuracy of about 78%.





Key words: Active radars, passive radars, ultrasonic radars, object detection, radar systems, operational parameters
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of active, passive, and ultrasonic radars, focusing on operational parameters such as detection range, coverage angle, and adaptability to weather conditions. Active radars demonstrate efficiency over long distances, while passive radars are suitable for scenarios with low radio frequency emissions. Ultrasonic radars, on the other hand, are optimal for short-range detection. The results are presented through tables and charts, highlighting the advantages and limitations of each system, along with recommendations for their use in various industrial applications.





Key words: SecuDroneComm Platform, military, surveillance, disaster response, AES-256 encryption, UAV communication, Tactical Communications System
Abstract: The increasing use of drones in military, surveillance, and disaster response exposes critical shortcomings in communication systems, including secure data transmission, scalability, energy efficiency, and latency. This review explores existing innovations and limitations, while presenting the SecuDroneComm Platform as an advanced solution. The Combat SkySat Tactical Communication System [3] ensures secure transmission but lacks multi-drone coordination, while IoT-DroneCom [2] performs well in hybrid setups but lacks collision avoidance. The AES-based military communication system [15] focuses on encryption but neglects real-time latency issues. SecuDroneComm enhances security and scalability with AES-256 encryption, dynamic key rotation, and latency simulation. Unlike 5G military communication systems [4], which optimize bandwidth but ignore encryption overhead, SecuDroneComm ensures Drone Data Integrity and Encrypted Data Transmission Efficiency in multi-drone operations. The platform also improves environmental monitoring capabilities by integrating collision avoidance algorithms and a hybrid cloud-local routing system. A comparative analysis confirms SecuDroneComm’s superiority for military reconnaissance, disaster response, and large-scale surveillance, setting a new benchmark in UAV communication systems.





Key words: Integrated Control and Monitoring System (ICMS), Digital Electronic Board, object detection and monitoring, short distances, surveillance security, simulation
Abstract: This scientific paper explores the use of single-board computers in various projects, particularly focusing on the practical development of an Integrated Control and Monitoring System (ICMS) designed for short-range object monitoring and detection. The adoption of this technology fosters advancements in electronic systems, microcomputers, and microprocessors, thereby enhancing their usefulness for educational and research initiatives. By incorporating real-time monitoring and data processing, this system is crucial in areas such as surveillance security and disaster management, and it also finds applications in industrial automation, environmental monitoring, smart buildings, agriculture, energy management, healthcare, transportation, military uses, and research and education.To assess the effectiveness of the ICMS, two simulations were carried out. The first simulation concentrated on wireless data transmission, showcasing the real-time collection, processing, and transmission of sensor data through a wireless communication module, with results shown on both an LCD and a laptop screen. The second simulation examined servo motor control driven by sensor feedback, where the motor adjusted dynamically in response to object detection within a defined range. These simulations validate the practical functionality and reliability of digital electronic boards in creating real-time monitoring and automation systems. The results of this study underscore the potential of ICMS technology to enhance smart applications and automation across various industries while also paving the way for further advancements in object detection, security, and real-time monitoring solutions.



Key words: photovoltaic power plant, solar energy, photovoltaic panel, electricity
Abstract: The paper presents designing and dimensioning of a photovoltaic power plant with an installed capacity of 10 kWp. In this paper are presented the results of the prediction of the produced electricity on the annual and monthly level of the photovoltaic power plant, calculated using the SAM (System Advisor Model) software tool,. The selection and arrangement of photovoltaic panels, as well as the selection of the necessary inverters for the specific microlocation of the planned photovoltaic power plant, are shown in detail.

Technology engineering




Key words: surface roughness, sustainability, material, polymer, functional, composition, yarn
Abstract: Sustainability is closely tied to material surface roughness because it directly impacts material choice, the functional and aesthetic properties of textiles, and the environmental footprint of textile manufacturing. By optimizing surface roughness through sustainable practices (using recycled yarns, eco-friendly procedures, yarns with improved functionality, etc.) the overall environmental impact of textile production can be significantly reduced. This study investigates the surface roughness of materials, which plays a crucial role in determining both the tactile and functional properties of fabrics. Using the PCE RT-2000 roughness meter, surface roughness measurements were taken for different materials produced of specific yarns different in composition and functionality. Results show that polyamide-based yarns are generally smoother than polyester yarns. Functional treatments applied to polyamide yarns, such as antibacterial or water permeability treatments, tend to reduce roughness, resulting in smoother textures. In contrast, polyester yarns display higher roughness, particularly in the horizontal direction, which may be advantageous for certain textile applications. The impact of elastane component on yarn roughness varies based on material type and the applied treatments, with polyester and specific polyamide treatments showing more pronounced changes.




Key words: modeling, material, yarn, machine learning, degradation
Abstract: This study investigates the use of machine learning models to predict the lifespan of textile materials by analyzing their degradation, particularly for fabrics used in sportswear. The research examines how environmental factors like UV exposure, temperature, and humidity influence material properties over time. Polyester fabrics, chosen for their durability, were subjected to simulated weathering to mimic typical sports conditions. Key properties, including thickness, surface mass, and tensile strength, were measured pre- and post-aging. Machine learning algorithms, such as J48 decision trees and clustering methods, were applied to classify and predict degradation levels, with supervised models showing higher accuracy. These findings suggest that machine learning can effectively support durability predictions, offering valuable insights for material design in the textile industry.






Key words: nanofiltration, remineralization, total hardness, pH value, calcium, manganese
Abstract: Nanofiltration is widely used for drinking water preparation as well as for water softening. When used for filtration of naturally low mineralized water it decreases mineralization of obtained permeate additionally. This paper shows the possibility of permeate remineralization in order to increase the total hardness and calcium and manganese levels in the permeate. For the purpose of the experiments, dolomite rock acidic solution was created and added in different amounts to the nanofiltration permeate obtained on self-made nanofiltration pilot plant. It was shown that calcium and manganese concentrations exhibited linear increase with regard to the inlet concentrations. Water hardness was also elevated to up to 10.845 o dH. Experimental procedure presented in this paper can be successfully used for elevating nanofiltration permeate water hardness and total mineralization.





Key words: Textile design, Digital technologies, Digital printing on textiles
Abstract: The use of digital tools - software and hardware, has changed both the approach to traditional printing processes and the way of thinking about the production, application and storage of printed textiles. From design studios, through factories, to the market, changes are taking place in the design, production and use of printed textiles. The radical upheaval in the technological sphere and its influence on the design methodology was analyzed through examples from the literature and through direct experience in working with students at the Academy of Technical and Artistic Vocational Studies in Belgrade, during classes on the courses Design of Printed Textiles and Digital Design of Textiles and Clothing. This paper explores the impact of digital tools on traditional processes, design approaches, production methods, market trends, aesthetics and artistry shift in printed textile design. Furthermore, potential challenges and limitations associated with using digital technology in this field will be discussed.





Key words: wastewater, wastewater treatment in food industry, meat products
Abstract: The food industry main role is to provide sufficient quantities of food for the population. Intensive production contributes to greater environmental pollution as well as the nutritional value of food products is lower, so it is necessary to introduce a larger amount of food into the body to acess the needs of the body. Environmental protection is very important for the food industry and the largest amount of waste materials are created by dairies, confectionery manufacturers, beverage manufacturers and meat processors. The aim of the paper is to introduce the wastewater treatment process in the meat industry and the applied protection measures related to environmental protection in the production of meat products.





Key words: analytical method development, quality assurance, quality by design, robustness, regulatory flexibility, design of experiments, design space
Abstract: The concept of quality by design (QbD) approach provided the opportunity for development of analytical methods and it presents analytical QbD (AQbD). Implementation of AQbD is current trend in pharmaceutical industry. AQbD provides knowledge about the influence of critical process parameters (CPPs) on analytical performances, which are measured using critical quality attributes (CQAs). This multivariate approach provides optimal working area considering all possible interactions between CPPs. The most important part of this concept is the definition of design space (DS). Assurance of quality is guaranteed in this region. The aim of this paper is to outline the significance of this concept in pharmaceutical quality assurance system and its advantages in robust analytical separation method development. Risk assessment methodology and design of experiments are used to ensure that quality would be incorporated into the method. These tools enhance identification and interpretation of the influence of variables on method performance.





Key words: sustainability, packaging materials, active packaging, smart packaging, pollution prevention
Abstract: The primary function of packaging is to protect the product. Beyond this, packaging must also provide all necessary information to the consumer. Additionally, it simplifies the transportation of finished goods. However, with advancements in technology, limited resources, and a growing population, packaging has taken on new responsibilities. Primarily, it refers to product protection, but it also addresses environmental concerns by promoting sustainability. This paper discusses development trends in packaging and the packaging industry, with special emphasis on innovations in the field of active and smart packaging. It also examines the issue of packaging waste.

Agriculture






Key words: raspberry, sustainability, branding, marketing opportunities, economic analysis
Abstract: This paper provides a detailed review of scientific publications on raspberry cultivation in Serbia, published over a five-year period from 2019 to 2024. Serbia, with its long tradition in raspberry production, is one of the leading exporters of this fruit, which is one of the most important components of the country’s fruit production. The presented overview of the current state of raspberry production in Serbia, with a focus on economics and market dynamics, highlights the main factors that determine the setting of export prices, Serbia’s competitive position in foreign markets, and the economic aspects related to raspberry production. Most research publications are conducted by Serbian institutions and researchers, which enhances the understanding of the importance of this topic and could generate greater interest from the scientific and professional community.





Key words: food waste, animal feed, environmental protection, sustainable development
Abstract: The use of food waste as animal feed represents an important step in reducing negative environmental impacts and contributes to the sustainable development of agriculture. This study explores how utilizing food leftovers for animal feed can decrease the demand for conventional animal feed production, thereby reducing resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Using food waste also helps reduce landfill waste, which positively impacts environmental protection. Economically, such practices can lower costs for farmers. The study also addresses challenges related to animal feed safety and the necessary measures for the proper processing of food waste, contributing to the sustainable development of agricultural systems and environmental protection.









Key words: Japanese Quince, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, selection, semi-urban ecosystems
Abstract: Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. has gained attention over the past decade as a new fruit crop.The research was based on the hypothesis that there are genotypes adapted to climate change, producing high-quality fruits that provide both cultural and ecosystem services, while also being significant for commercial production. Therefore, in this study, the biochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of fresh fruit juicy parts were analysed at the genotype level using an official protocol with two analytical-grade reagents: ethanol and distilled water. The results highlight ethanol as a more efficient solvent for extracting bioactive compounds, enhancing their potential for neutralizing free radicals. Additionally, the findings confirm significant concentrations of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C, as well as antioxidant activity. These results could have important implications for the practical use value of the selected genotype, demonstrating its sustainability under climate change conditions.









Key words: Fig, Landscape architecture, Horticulture, Fruit growing, Wood industry, Sustainability, Climate change
Abstract: The research was conducted to evaluate the practical potential and sustainability of Ficus carica L. in Belgrade, considering that climate change scenarios predict air temperatures as the primary stress factors. Through an integrative approach to the phenological fruiting patterns of figs over three consecutive years, the study confirmed the sustainability of the selected genotype and the potential for predictive understanding of phenological changes under climatic challenges. The results also provide insights into the fruit morphology of figs and the species' ecology, highlighting the necessity for in situ care measures. Particularly emphasized is the need for a 91.4% crown reduction at the end of the vegetation period, with a recommendation for the sustainable utilisation of the resulting biomass to extract bioactive compounds, followed by the use of the residues in the production of wood base panels (particleboards). The study promotes figs as a multipurpose plantation crop in Serbia.









Key words: renewable energy, agro-Industrial parks, ecosystem, green energy, sustainable development, agricultural engineering, clusters, technological transfer
Abstract: This paper explores the sustainability and technological innovation in the Cenei AgroIndustrial Park, emphasizing its transition towards renewable energy and its role in technology transfer. The study examines the park's current status, challenges, and opportunities, while considering the broader context of European Union policies, including the European Green Deal and Horizon programs. By integrating renewable energy and fostering innovation, the park aligns with global sustainability goals[3]. The research also analyzes similar case studies, such as Tim Science Park [2] and the Innovation Cluster[5], highlighting the impact of legislative frameworks and funding mechanisms in ex-communist countries. A multi-method approach, including literature review, stakeholder engagement, and data collection, is employed to provide a comprehensive framework for transforming Cenei Agro-Industrial Park into a model of sustainable development and technology transfer. [3]

Design, graphic and arts







Key words: AI, image generation, Craiyon, Microsoft Copilot, Midjourney
Abstract: This paper aims to explore artificial intelligence (AI) tools and their impact on image creation in 7 visual arts. It provides an overview of AI tools, their core capabilities for image generation, and 8 their application in the creative process. The analysis focuses on three of the most popular AI 9 tools currently available, examining their advantages and disadvantages in fulfilling fundamental 10 creative tasks.






Key words: Packaging, Design, Packaging materials, Sustainability, Environment
Abstract: In addition to its primary protective role, packaging is increasingly used for marketing purposes, to visually differentiate products from the competition. In modern society, the concern for environmental preservation is becoming more pronounced. One of the challenges is reducing the amount of packaging waste. This can be achieved through the use of ecological materials, educating the population, and recycling existing waste. Packaging design can play a key role in promoting sustainability and environmental protection. Through innovative and ecological approaches, packaging design can contribute to waste reduction, resource conservation, and raising consumer awareness about the importance of preserving natural resources. Education and motivation for consumers to properly recycle packaging are of great importance. This includes informing consumers about the benefits of recycling, as well as providing clear instructions on how to handle packaging after product use to ensure successful recycling. The paper presents the design of milk packaging that encourages consumers to participate in recycling. The goal of the packaging design, which is shown in the paper, is to influence consumer habits regarding environmental preservation. Responsible design, which includes the use of ecological materials and simpler recycling processes, can become one of the key tools in environmental preservation.

Mechanical Engineering






Key words: 3D models, QR codes, mechanical engineering, students, interactive learning, educational tools
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of integrating 3D CAD tools into mechanical engineering education. By incorporating interactive 3D models through a textbook with embedded QR codes, students were able to engage more effectively with complex systems, improving their spatial reasoning and understanding of mechanical structures. The research highlights how 3D visualization enhances student comprehension, particularly for first- and second-year students who struggled with traditional 2D drawings. Results from surveys and interviews revealed increased confidence, accuracy, and engagement with the 3D models, with students noting their value in visualizing internal mechanisms and functional relationships. This approach fosters problem-solving skills and promotes collaboration, making it a beneficial tool for both novice and advanced learners. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting curricula to modern technological advancements, ensuring that students are prepared for the evolving demands of the engineering industry.




Key words: static coefficient of sliding friction, experimental testing of sliding friction, tribological couple
Abstract: Materials selected for various applications must satisfy specific tribological characteristics, particularly regarding their static coefficient of sliding friction. One frequently utilized material combination is the tribological pair of rubber and ceramics—a representative example being the interaction between a rubber shoe sole and a ceramic floor surface. This study focuses on experimentally determining the static coefficient of sliding friction for this material pair. The results reveal that the static friction coefficient is strongly influenced by the type of ceramic, particularly its surface roughness, highlighting the critical role of surface properties in tribological performance.




Key words: control charts, process quality, manufacturing process, accuracy assessment, process stability
Abstract: This paper analyzes and implements control charts as a tool for improving quality in manufacturing processes. Through the analysis of statistical methods for monitoring variations in production, the paper investigates how control charts are used to identify and eliminate sources of problems that affect product accuracy. Based on the collected data on product quality measures, the control chart method is applied to assess process stability and detect potential deviations from established standards. The research includes the formation of appropriate control charts, process accuracy analysis, and suggestions for improving the manufacturing process through the application of statistical tools.





Key words: mathematical modeling, mathematical model, mechanics, electromagnetic switch, technical system
Abstract: Mathematical models in mechanics enable the analysis and prediction of the behavior of physical systems by transforming complex processes into mathematical expressions. These models are crucial for the development of technology, engineering, and scientific theory. This paper presents a mathematical model of an electromagnetic switch, focusing on the mechanical subsystem that includes the spring and the anchor. The model describes the forces acting on the motion of the anchor, such as the electromagnetic force, spring force, friction, and pressure difference. Through simulations in Simulink, the factors influencing the response time of the switch were analyzed, such as the spring force and the magnitude of the electromagnet's voltage. The paper highlights the importance of mathematical modeling in system optimization, as it enables a better understanding and control of complex technical problems





Key words: hydraulic cylinder, failure, diagnostics, piston, connecting rod
Abstract: The paper gives a description of the way to check functionality as well as diagnostics and repair of cylinder parts. The aim of the work is to show one hydraulic part (hydraulic cylinder) through a complete observation from the way it functions and checking the correctness to a complete check of the parts and a proposal with a description of how to eliminate the defects





Key words: AI, GPT, hydraulics and pneumatics, JavaScript, algorithms
Abstract: The capabilities of various types of artificial intelligence show an intense growth trend, which is accompanied by an increasingly wide range of its applications. This applies especially to GPT. That is why the abilities, but also the shortcomings of this chatbot, as well as the possibilities of its applications, are increasingly in the focus nowdays. In this paper, the authors presented one of the possible models of GPT application in the education of technical students. Through the experiment, the relevance and stability of the answers given by GPT to elementary questions in hydraulics and pneumatics, as one of the fundamental areas on which the knowledge and skills base of a future mechanical engineer is built, were investigated. The stability of the answers was tested using an iterative procedure, and the relevance was determined both by analyzing individual answers and by comparing the answers from all iterations to the same question.




Key words: 3D printing, surface roughness, FDM, Prusa i3
Abstract: This study investigates the surface roughness of 3D printed FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) parts produced with a Prusa i3 3D printer. The PCE-RT 2000 surface roughness tester was used to evaluate the surface quality, following ISO 3274 standards. The study focussed on the Ra parameter, which quantifies surface irregularities, to determine how printing conditions affect surface properties. The results indicate that print orientation and layer height significantly affect surface roughness, suggesting potential ways to improve the quality of 3D printed components.






Key words: experimental equipment, ultrasonic detection, compressed air leakage, energy efficiency
Abstract: The primary role of higher education institutions in the technical field is to ensure that vocational engineers they educate are equipped with practical skills and knowledge that enable them to effectively and efficiently meet the demands of the labor market. Achieving this goal requires the integration of modern equipment into laboratory work and practical training as one of the key requirements. A constant obstacle in the realization of this requirement is the lack of financial resources, which higher education institutions try to overcome through projects and by seeking alternative sources of financial support. This paper presents an example of equipment that is highly applicable in a wide range of study programs and corresponding courses, for which the acquisition did not require significant financial resources. The multifunctional mobile device called the ultrasonic leak detector was purchased in mid-2024 by the Technical College of Applied Sciences in Zrenjanin, and its characteristics and potential applications in teaching and practice are presented.







Key words: additive manufacturing, 3D printing, Delta system, materials for 3D printing
Abstract: The use of additive manufacturing is a crucial aspect of the broader initiative to merge digital technology and Internet of Things with conventional techniques. The paper presents the state and the application of 3D printers in industrial and educational environments. The current state is analyzed, as well as the Cartesian coordinates and delta configuration printer, and the characteristics of 3D printers of polar and SCARA configuration. After presenting the application of 3D printers in educational and industrial environments, the point of view is that a 3D printer for metal represents the necessary equipment for raising the level of studies and preparing students for serious challenges in solving various industrial problems.







Key words: Additive manufacturing (AM), AM Technologies, 3D printing, Smart Materials, Challenges
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, has revolutionized the production of advanced materials by enabling precise control over composition, structure, and functionality. This technology has facilitated the production of complex geometries and multifunctional components previously unattainable using traditional manufacturing technologies. One of the most exciting domains within this transformative field is the fabrication of smart materials - engineered materials capable of dynamically responding to external stimuli such as temperature, light, pH, stress, or electro-magnetic field. These materials have garnered substantial attention due to their potential to revolutionize various high-impact sectors, including biomedical engineering, aerospace technology, renewable energy systems, and advanced robotics. This paper provides an overview of AM technologies utilized for fabricating smart materials, discusses material-specific advancements, and identifies challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field. By bridging gaps in knowledge and technology, this review aims to inspire further innovations and contribute to the advancement of both additive manufacturing and smart material sciences.






Key words: model, optimization, tehnical diagnostic, mechanic oscilation, temperature, worn out of bearings, components, parameters, co-rellations
Abstract: The aim of mathematical model is to choosediagnostical parameters which condition knowledge of allowed level of reliability and determined analitic expression which corresponds to precisely described condition of hidroelcktric power plant components complex. Model of tehnical diagnostic procedures optimization is a specific approach to the problematics of preventive maintaining according to condition, and it is relatel to the conception of condition parameters change which represent abase for optimal solution for procedures of tehnical diagnostic of power plant components it also makes direct relations between the law of condition parameter change and reliability of the observed power plant components complex.





Key words: Welding coordination personnel, welding institute, quality assurance, quality control, training, skill education, safety
Abstract: The ever growing requirement for skilled welding coordinators has risen alongside advancements in welding technologies and quality standards across various industries. International welding society has implemented the IIW Guideline IAB-252r5-19/SV-02 that provides a structured approach for the training and qualification of welding coordination personnel, emphasizing the importance of education in shaping competent professionals. This paper emphasizes the importance, role and structure of education and training in ensuring compliance with technical standards, fostering safety and quality, and addressing the challenges of modern industrial practices.



Key words: vibration, thermal analysis, diagnostics, rotors
Abstract: The appearance of an uneven temperature field in the rotor occurs due to uneven heating or cooling and due to asymmetric distribution in the structure of the rotor masses. As a consequence of the uneven distribution of the temperature field in the rotor, deformations (thermal deflection) occur, which result in a change in vibration levels and unstable system operation. These deformations are manifested as additional deflections of the rotor, so that the state of balance of the system changes significantly. Vibration analysis and monitoring are one of the most reliable ways to diagnose the existence of thermal deflection. This paper deals with the phenomena of thermal deflection, the appropriate mathematical model is given, and the emphasis is on diagnosing this problem using vibration analysis.





Key words: Generative Design, Additive Manufacturing, Digital Image Correlation, Part Optimization, Mechanical Testing
Abstract: Generative design has emerged as a transformative approach in engineering, enabling the creation of highly optimized components with complex geometries that are well-suited for additive manufacturing (AM). This study examines the integration of generative design, AM and digital image correlation (DIC) for iterative part optimization and mechanical performance validation. By leveraging generative design algorithms, parts can be optimized for weight reduction, material efficiency, and structural performance. The rapid prototyping capabilities of AM facilitate swift fabrication of both original and redesigned components, allowing for direct comparison through experimental testing. DIC, as a noncontact full-field measurement technique, plays a pivotal role in validating numerical models by capturing detailed strain distributions under various load conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive framework that highlights the interdependence of these technologies, reviews challenges and advances, and outlines future directions for refining the mechanical design cycle through enhanced data-driven workflows.





Key words: CNC, programming, educaiton, mathematics
Abstract: This paper describes one example of manual programming of the CNC turn using three mathematical methods depending on the given drawing. Students learn to make the tool path for the given drawing utilizing the knowledge of coordinate systems. As the tool path is generated students calculate each endpoint of the tool tip point using methods of trigonometry and triangle similarities for angular surfaces and Pythagorean theorem for circular surfaces. With the calculated points, the G-code is written and tested on the SINUMERIK 840D control unit. As the machine is processing the part students follow each coordinate of the tool tip point and distance to go on the control unit for each programmed word.




Key words: waste, thermal treatment, combustion, waste – to – energy, air emissions
Abstract: Waste management is a significant environmental challenge, and energy recovery from waste addresses issues linked to poorly managed waste. Thermal treatment aims to mitigate the environmental impact of waste. However, this process generates emissions and energy consumption, influenced by the facility's design and operation. This article will summarize key environmental challenges and solutions associated with thermal waste treatment technology. The operating characteristics of each technology affect air and water emissions, residue generation, and energy consumption. Insights from Europe and developed countries will provide a technological comparison, particularly concerning combustion technology in waste-to-energy plants. The focus will be solely on the combustion process used in these facilities.




Key words: Internal combustion engine, one-dimensional modeling, simulation, parameters, virtual experiment, engineering education
Abstract: The modern development of engines requires advanced methods of analysis and optimization, with 1D modeling becoming a key tool for simulating engine performance characteristics. This paper explores the application of 1D modeling in engine analysis, with a particular focus on its educational benefits. By utilizing computational tools, engineers can efficiently test engine configurations, while students gain practical skills in understanding complex processes. Through the example of modeling a single-cylinder diesel engine, the procedure for model creation and simulation is presented. The paper emphasizes the importance of these tools in both industry and education, as well as their contribution to the development of engineering competencies.




Key words: friction stir processing, Al7B04 aluminum alloy, water cooling, processing conditions, microstructure, mechanical properties
Abstract: Friction stir processing is an environmentally friendly process of solid-state processing on welldefined areas of metallic materials, with the aim of local modification of the microstructure and mechanical properties. The process is of current interest to researchers and specialists in the field of metallic materials processing, being in continuous development regarding application possibilities to various metallic materials. The paper presents aspects regarding friction stir processing in different working medium of the aluminum alloy Al7B04, based on an analysis of the specialized literature. The study shows the possibility of applying friction stir processing for this aluminum alloy, as well as the modification of its microstructure and mechanical properties after processing.





Key words: gamification, hackathons, innovative ecosystems, industrial management education, problemsolving
Abstract: This paper analyses the integration of gamification and hackathons as innovative pedagogical tools in industrial management education. Addressing the skill gaps in creativity, problem-solving, and teamwork, it explores how these methods can bridge the divide between theoretical knowledge and practical applications. By analysing case studies and existing literature, the study highlights the potential of gamification to improve student engagement through motivational elements and hackathons to support experiential learning via collaborative, real-world problem-solving. Challenges such as resource constraints and resistance to change are discussed alongside proposed frameworks for scalable and adaptable implementation. The findings show the importance of creating an innovative ecosystem in education, aligning academic practices with modern industry demands, and preparing students for a competitive global workforce. This research contributes to advancing higher education by offering practical strategies to improve learning outcomes and support innovation.







Key words: high-entropy alloys, additive manufacturing, 3D printing, metal powders, microstructure, mechanical properties, selective laser melting
Abstract: High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique combination of mechanical strength, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance, making them ideal candidates for advanced industrial applications such as aerospace, medical, and energy sectors. In parallel, additive manufacturing (AM), particularly 3D printing using metal powders, has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating complex geometries with tailored material properties. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of manufacturing high-entropy metallic materials using metal powders and 3D printing technologies. The study will thoroughly analyse:
- The process of obtaining HEA powders with suitable properties for 3D printing.
- The performance of the powders during the additive manufacturing process.
- The mechanical, microstructural, and functional properties of the produced materials.
The paper contributes to the advancement of knowledge regarding the interaction between HEA compositions and additive processes, providing solutions to current challenges in this field.






Key words: green welding technologies, energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, recycling and reuse of materials, USW, FSW, Laser welding
Abstract: This paper explores green welding technologies aimed at reducing environmental impact while maintaining high performance and efficiency. It focuses on advanced welding methods such as ultrasonic welding (USW), Friction stir welding (FSW), and laser welding, emphasizing their advantages in terms of energy efficiency, reduced emissions, and material recycling. USW enables precise, high-strength bonds without additional materials, making it ideal for applications in the automotive, aerospace, and medical industries. FSW offers solid-state joining with minimal waste, enhancing the mechanical properties of light metal alloys used in aeronautics. Laser welding provides high precision and speed with minimal thermal distortion, suitable for delicate materials and complex geometries. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing these green technologies in various industries, highlighting their potential to contribute to sustainable manufacturing practices.






Key words: heat pump, economy measures, heat demand, energy demand
Abstract: There is a lot of energy around us that we can use for our beneficial interest, therefore heat pumps which belong into the most famous systems for obtaing the energy from the environment are connected to this topic. We can state that heat pumps represent an alternative, modern, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly source of thermal energy. Heat pumps are economical and ecological devices for heating and cooling water, leveraging renewable energy sources. All over the world, heat pumps are used very well as alternative sources of energy. Heat pumps belong into the group of renewable resources. Nowadays, heat pumps are showing the great progress in heating as well as in cooling systems. In the most developed countries in the world, equipping new buildings with heat pumps is a common practice.




Key words: artificial intelligence, extrusion, machine learning, naive bayes, decision-making, aluminum alloys
Abstract: The extrusion process produces large quantities of profiles for various applications, with aluminum being one of the most used materials. Aluminum alloys from the 6000 series offer an optimal balance between elasticity and hardness, and they also exhibit excellent extrusion characteristics. Artificial intelligence (AI) and its subfields, such as machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and neural networks (NN), have the potential to significantly enhance production quality. By training AI models, valuable insights can be gained to improve the quality of production. This research focuses on applying existing machine learning algorithms to a dataset, utilizing Python and Anaconda, to determine which aluminum alloys meet the mechanical criteria for specific profiles. The emphasis of this study is on the mechanical properties of aluminum profiles, complemented by relevant statistical data.







Key words: Life Cycle Assessment, energy management education, sustainability, digital tools, academiaindustry collaboration, higher education, sustainable energy systems
Abstract: This paper analyses the integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into energy management education to address global sustainability challenges. It highlights best practices from higher education institutions, emphasizing innovative teaching methods, digital tools, and industry collaboration. The global energy management market is expanding, yet a significant skills gap persists. By incorporating LCA into curricula, students gain important skills to evaluate environmental impacts and design sustainable energy solutions. The paper reviews LCA tools such as SimaPro, OpenLCA, and One Click LCA, demonstrating their relevance in teaching. It also examines how academia-industry partnerships provide practical learning opportunities through internships and case studies. Digital innovations, such as virtual labs and gamification, are shown to improve student engagement. This study shows the importance of bridging academic training with realworld applications, ensuring graduates are prepared for careers in sustainable energy management. The findings support the role of education in achieving global sustainability goals.

Traffic, urban planning and construction





Key words: Self-Propelled Modular Transporters; Accelerated Bridge Construction; Heavy Loads; Travel Path
Abstract: Self-Propelled Modular Transporters (SPMTs) are advanced vehicles designed for transporting exceptionally heavy loads, such as bridge components, at walking speeds. They consist of modular units coupled longitudinally or laterally, with capacities ranging from 36 to 48 tons per axle line and lifting heights up to 500 mm. Controlled by computer systems, SPMTs offer high precision, minimizing traffic disruption and environmental impact while enhancing constructability, safety, and cost efficiency. Effective planning for SPMT operations involves designing optimal travel paths from staging areas to construction sites. This requires assessing existing infrastructure, ground bearing capacity, terrain slopes, weather conditions, and utility placements to determine reinforcements or new pathways. The project aims to establish a guideline for SPMT path planning, offering practical insights to engineers on mitigating challenges and ensuring efficient transport operations. This framework contributes to safer and more sustainable construction practices in complex infrastructure projects.




Key words: intersection, traffic accidents, traffic safety
Abstract: This study analyzes traffic load and safety at the intersection of Žarka Zrenjanina and Prvomajska streets in Pančevo, one of the key points in the city's traffic network. The intersection is highly frequented due to its proximity to residential, commercial, and public facilities, contributing to significant traffic volume and an increased risk of traffic accidents. The analysis includes an assessment of traffic infrastructure, existing signage, and vehicle flow during different periods of the day. Additionally, risk factors for traffic accidents and potential safety improvement measures, such as changes in signage and the inclusion of additional safety elements, are considered. The intersection represents a point in the traffic network where conflicts arise between traffic flows coming from two or more different directions.



Key words: Drone, STEM education, aviation education, teaching examples, real-world applications, flight simulator.
Abstract: Drones, also known as Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), are rapidly emerging as transformative tools in both STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and aviation education. In STEM education, drones provide a dynamic platform for teaching key concepts in physics, aerodynamics, robotics, electronics, coding, and data analysis. In the context of aviation education, drones serve as effective, costefficient tools for pilot training, offering students the ability to simulate flight conditions and practice maneuvers in a controlled, risk-free environment. Drones are particularly valuable in introducing students to aviation fundamentals, such as flight dynamics, navigation, and control systems, before they transition to more complex, manned aircraft training. Additionally, drones offer real-time performance analytics, which can be used to provide immediate, data-driven feedback to instructors and students, further enhancing the learning experience. This work explores how drones are being used in STEM education and aviation training, providing real-world examples of their impact and potential.



Key words: children, safety, traffic
Abstract: Road traffic accidents represent one of the most serious challenges of modern society, with consequences that are measured not only in economic losses, but also in human lives and injuries. However, one particular population group bears the brunt of these accidents in a special way - children. All over the world, thousands of children enter the traffic system every day, whether as passengers, cyclists, pedestrians or future drivers, and are faced with the potential dangers posed by the traffic environment. Child safety in traffic is not only a matter of concern for current but also future generations. Every child who suffers an injury or loses his life in a traffic accident represents not only a personal tragedy but also a loss for society as a whole. It is therefore essential to recognize the importance and seriousness of this problem and to pay special attention to the safety of children in traffic. The safety of children in traffic is not only the responsibility of parents and guardians, but also of society as a whole. Through education, the implementation of effective policies and technological innovations, an environment can be created in which children can enjoy a safer and more secure experience in traffic.



Key words: Digital transaction security, blockchain technology, electronic business, infrastructure and model architecture, security mechanism
Abstract: Railway companies that were established for traffic and transport face challenges in the market. In order to remain competitive, they must implement new business models. Today, in order to achieve higher revenues, they apply computer technologies in their businesses, which are represented among employees as well as among current and potential users. In connection with the above, all participants in electronic business processes expect safety and security of digital transactions. In this paper, a model based on the blockchain is presented. The model includes the most powerful protection and security mechanism that is increasingly in use. The architecture and infrastructure based on the available computer network on the company's territory are also presented.




Key words: Railway transport, quality of service, advanced internet technologies, intelligent agents, artificial intelligence
Abstract: Improving business in railway companies involves the modernization of infrastructure and transport capacities in the service quality segment. Modernization has its advantages but also disadvantages that can be an obstacle in terms of employees' willingness to accept it. The solution lies in the application of advanced Internet technologies, where intelligent agents are created that can completely replace employees in the implementation of work tasks. In this way, the introduction of new digital e-business systems also involves the parallel application of innovative advanced Internet technologies that have the task of monitoring, controlling and implementing preventive measures. Intelligent agents based on computer systems and artificial intelligence have the task of improving the quality of service. This paper presents a model of an intelligent agent in railway transport, which increases safety and the quality of service itself.

Protection engineering





Key words: environmental awareness, renewable energy sources, environment
Abstract: The development of society is significantly conditioned by the increase in energy consumption. In addition to the noticeable absolute increase in the global energy use, a significant change in the percentage of the participation of certain types of energy has also been seen. The primary energy consumption continues to grow. This paper shows the importance of developing environmental awareness as a determinant of the energy efficiency improvement in order to protect the environment and combat further degradation of its ecological value.




Key words: evacuation, rescue, public demonstration exercise, fire extinguishing
Abstract: A public demonstration exercise of firefighters and rescuers was held in an apartment building and underground garage in August 2024. The aim of the exercise was to partially evacuate residents from the apartment building (evacuation of the basement, ground floor, first and second floors), extinguish a car in the underground garage, and test the training and proficiency (as well as advanced training) of workers of the fire and rescue units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Serbia in performing fire extinguishing and evacuation interventions.




Key words: greenhouse gas emissions, ESG rating, Morningstar Sustainalytics, climate change, automobile industry
Abstract: All facets of life and society are impacted by climate change, which has far-reaching effects on people. The ambitious sustainability goals outlined in the 2015 Paris Agreement and the 2019 European Green Deal are realized through a number of projects. Significantly lowering greenhouse gas emissions and decarburization is outlined as one of the primary environmental goals. The focus of this research is analyzing the engagement of the major luxury cars producers from automobile industry in the process of greenhouse gas emissions and their ESG ratings which confirm commitment toward ESG objectives. Authors had chosen four companies from automobile industry which are encompassed by Morningstar Sustainalytics rating scale. According to reached ESG ratings for observed companies, authors concluded that despite of general ESG rating limitations, those companies are currently far away from achievement of net zero objectives meaning that there are a lot of space for further significant improvement in this area.





Key words: electric vehicles, fires, thermal runaway, lithium-ion batteries, firefighting services, infrastructure, training
Abstract: Electric vehicles bring significant advantages in reducing harmful gas emissions and advancing modern transportation, but they also present challenges in terms of fire safety. The specific characteristics of electric vehicle conflagrations, caused by the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries, include high temperatures, the release of toxic gases, and the potential for re-ignition, which make them more difficult to extinguish compared to conflagrations in internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper analyzes the key challenges in extinguishing these fires, such as risks to firefighters, issues in enclosed spaces, and the limitations of current firefighting methods. Additionally, it offers recommendations for improving infrastructure, developing specialized firefighting techniques, and training firefighters. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the issues and potential solutions for effectively addressing electric vehicle fires.







Key words: e-waste, environment, health, negative, impact
Abstract: The paper describes the negative effects of e-waste on the environment and human health. In addition to the obvious and ever-present problem of pollution due to inadequate disposal of e-waste, the negative impacts are multiplied if it is known that numerous rare metals have been used in the production of modern electronic devices. Even resources that are assumed to be always available (water, coal, oil, wood, etc.) are slowly but surely disappearing, so it is not necessary to explain in particular how big a risk it is to ensure an uninterrupted supply of rare and precious metals that make up the components of electronic devices . It is obvious that the way they are obtained - by exploiting the planet Earth - is unsustainable and destructive in many ways. It is also clear that the method of production and use of electrical devices and equipment and the method of their final disposal after use must be changed if the survival of the human species and plant and animal species on planet Earth is not to be threatened by uncontrolled technological progress.







Key words: green, electronics, recycling, hazardous, chemicals
Abstract: Electronic devices are composed of numerous materials, many of which include hazardous chemicals such as heavy metals, hexavalent chromium, beryllium, brominated flame retardants, and polyvinyl chloride. The presence of these toxic compounds poses significant risks not only during the production and manufacturing stages but also throughout the entire lifecycle of the products, including their disposal. Recycling electronic devices is not a comprehensive solution to the e-waste crisis, as it can introduce additional challenges related to the hazardous materials involved. The paper highlights the environmental and health impacts of these toxic chemicals at every stage of an electronic product's lifecycle. To address the e-waste crisis, the paper outlines potential solutions and emphasizes the importance of transitioning to environmentally friendly electronics. It also encourages individuals to take proactive steps to promote sustainable practices in the electronics industry.



Key words: PR China, Air Show, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Drones, Stealth Technology
Abstract: The air show "Zhuhai 2024" was held from November 12 to 17, 2024 in Zhuhai (Guangdong Province - PR China). The fifteenth edition of the air show coincided with the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the People's Liberation Army of China. As the country's largest biennial aviation fair, the event attracted a huge number of visitors, who witnessed an impressive display of China's military and commercial aviation. 1022 companies from 49 countries of the world participated in the fair. At the fair, the People's Liberation Army of China presented 36 different types of equipment for aerial demonstrations and static displays, including the largest stealth unmanned aerial vehicle CH-7 (Cai Hong 7) in the form of a prototype. It was developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) [2]. The model of this stealth drone was premiered in Zhuhai at the 2018 fair. At the time it was designed to be a stealth armed reconnaissance drone. The aircraft was capable of carrying out bombing missions against the enemy's strategic targets. Its design is constantly adapted and improved for greater autonomy and stealth characteristics. Several versions of the CH-7 were produced. Six years later, the CH-7 unmanned aerial vehicle project underwent a change. From a strategic flight drone, it has become an advanced tactical drone capable of performing various missions. The CH-7 model shown at the "Zhuhai 2024" air show is significantly larger than the models shown at previous air shows and has a "flying wing" design.







Key words: greener, electronics, energy, resources, chemicals
Abstract: There is no question that gadgets and other devices have changed the world today in incredible ways. Behind this innovative 21st-century technology lie supply chain and manufacturing processes still reliant on 19th-century sources of energy, dangerous mining practices, hazardous chemicals, and poorly designed products that drive consumption of the Earth’s resources. This hidden reality stands in stark contrast to the forwardthinking, environmentally conscious image most IT companies’ project. This paper provides an analysis of what 17 of the world’s leading consumer electronics companies are doing to address their environmental impacts, by measuring three critical impact areas tied to product designand responsible supply chain management across the electronics sector: reduction of greenhouse gases through efficiencyand renewable energy in Energy area, sustainable design and use of recycled materials in Resource Consumption area and elimination of hazardous chemicals from both the product itself and manufacturing in Chemicals area. Within each impact area, companies are graded on transparency, commitment, performance and advocacy efforts.




Key words: occupational injuries, remote work, employer, law
Abstract: This paper deals with an overview of occupational injuries in the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2013 to 2023, based on official reports from the competent Ministry. Additionally, it highlights the emerging trend of remote work and the responsibilities of employers and employees in this form of contracted work.





Key words: Drone, Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA), Air Power, Aerial Action, Anti-Aircraft Action, Electronic Warfare (EW), Counter-Electronic Warfare (Counter-EW)
Abstract: The growing use of drones for aerial reconnaissance, targeted strikes on enemy objectives, and to a lesser extent for air transport, has led to changes in the execution of military operations during armed conflicts in the 21st century. Drones are increasingly taking on the role of reconnaissance and strike aviation in air operations conducted by air forces. The authors of the paper focus on specific aspects of drone usage to determine whether all drones can be considered part of air power. They examine their differences through conceptual definitions and classifications, and compare their combat operations with those of traditional aviation. This comparison aims to assess whether all types of drones conduct aerial operations and thus contribute to air power. The paper does not provide specific historical examples of warfare or drone use but relies on established facts from open sources, which are cited in the literature at the end of the paper.






Key words: Military challenges, risks and threats; Non-military challenges, risks and threats; An armed form of threat; An unarmed form of threat; Missions of the Armed Forces; The Emergency Response Forces; The Serbian Air Force; Aviation; The Squadron
Abstract: The text explores the development of security challenges, risks and threats throughout history, highlighting the impact of technological advances, social changes and global conflicts. Traditional military challenges, such as nuclear threats / With the end of the Cold War, when the fear of the use of nuclear weapons subsided, the importance of traditional military threats to security decreased and was replaced by more modern challenges and threats, such as terrorism, climate change, pandemics and cyber threats. In this context, the use of the army and its role have evolved from the exclusive protection of territory, towards supporting civil authorities and eliminating security threats. Special emphasis is placed on the aviation units of the Serbian Air Forces. They are presented as a significant factor in the defense of the state, thanks to their rapid response capabilities, flexibility and the use of modern technology and weapons. The text analyzes the strategic-doctrinal frameworks, including the National Security Strategy, the Defense Strategy of the Republic of Serbia, the Doctrine of the Serbian Armed Forces and other doctrinal documents, with the aim of assessing the possibility of whether the organization of the Serbian Armed Forces enables the efficient use of aviation units in the function of supporting the total defense model of the Republic of Serbia, thereby confirming their importance in eliminating challenges, risks and security threats to the country's defense.






Key words: Runaway reactions, Modeling, Safety, AVEVA Process simulation, Python, Esterification, Exothermic reactions
Abstract: One of the pressing issues in educating new generations of engineers is bridging the gap between theory and practice. This is particularly important in process safety engineering, where future engineers are expected to work in real industrial facilities, often facing life-threatening conditions that require immediate action. Performing process safety simulations allows students to explore different “what if” scenarios in the safety of a classroom environment. This study presents a detailed methodology for modeling thermal runaway behavior, using the esterification of acetic anhydride with methanol as a case study. This highly exothermic reaction, is simulated under adiabatic conditions to represent a cooling system failure scenario. The methodology was validated by comparing the simulated temperature profile with experimental data from previous studies, showing strong agreement, particularly in predicting the reaction's steady-state temperature. This methodology can be applied to other exothermic reactions, making it a versatile resource for improving process safety in chemical manufacturing.





Key words: Lithium, Acid method, Alkali method, Salt roasting method, Chlorination method, Environmental impact
Abstract: This paper presents the methods of lithium extraction from ores and their impact on the environment. The dominant process of industrial lithium extraction from spodumene is carried out using sulfuric acid and is characterized by high energy consumption and large release of waste residues – gases and water. An attempt to apply the same method in the extraction of lithium from lepodylite had difficulties. Other methods – Alkaline methods and the salt chlorination method have lower energy consumption, but it is still necessary to research the optimal reaction conditions so that they can be applied in industry. The salt roasting method is used industrially in the extraction of lithium from lepidolite, but like the sulfuric acid method, it is characterized by high energy consumption and high material flow. However, it is considered that these methods have possibility for optimization in order to be applied in the industrial process of lithium extraction. What all methods of lithium extraction from ores have in common is that they require a large amount of energy and resources, resulting in a large emission of pollutants and an unfavorable impact on the environment. The impact of these pollutants on the environment is 9.3‒60.4 times higher than the lithium extraction technology from salt lakes.







Key words: recycling, circular economy, environmental protection, waste management
Abstract: The aim of this paper was to present the importance of knowing the basic elements of waste management. Environmental concerns are increasing nowadays. One of the biggest issues of modern society is dedicated to problems with waste. Generation, collection, separation, transport, and treatment or disposal are the main steps of waste management. Because of the variety of the waste, choosing an appropriate solid waste treatment method is difficult. An inadequate municipal solid waste management system may result in infectious illnesses, contaminated land and water, clogged drains, and a decline in biodiversity. In the Republic of Serbia, in 2023., 7.84 Mt of waste was generated. Waste management is one of the crucial aspects of a proper circular economy which leads to further sustainability of society.





Key words: drinking water, surface water, quality control
Abstract: Water pollution has been a concern of professional and scientific communities in our country for several decades. However, despite extensive attention, efforts to mitigate the issue remain insufficient. Continuous pollution, the depletion of water resources, and the impacts of climate change have placed Vojvodina at risk of a drinking water shortage. This study aims to evaluate the quality of water available to residents of Gajdobra and Maglić in their households, as well as the quality of surface water bodies used for recreational fishing and irrigation. Such research is particularly significant for residents of smaller settlements, who often lack information about the quality of the water they consume and are unaware of the potential health risks associated with its use.





Key words: Environmental radioactivity, Serbia, radionuclides, monitoring, public health, cesium-137, strontium-90, depleted uranium
Abstract: The 2023 environmental radioactivity monitoring program in Serbia provided comprehensive data on the activity concentrations of natural and artificial radionuclides in various environmental samples, including air, precipitation, soil, vegetation, food, drinking water, and river sediments. The results confirm that radionuclide activity concentrations remained at low levels, posing no significant radiological risk to public health or the environment. Long-lived artificial radionuclides, such as 137Cs and 90Sr, detected in the food chain, were found to be within safe limits, resulting in annual effective doses significantly below the recommended thresholds. Gamma spectrometry measurements and assessments of alpha and beta activities in drinking water, surface waters, sediments, and food further demonstrated compliance with national safety standards. The maximum indoor radon concentration measured was approximately 500 Bq/m3. Monitoring of sites affected by depleted uranium munitions used in southern Serbia in 1999 showed no evidence of elevated radiological risks, with uranium isotope ratios confirming the natural origin of detected uranium. This study confirms that environmental radioactivity levels in Serbia remain stable, with no significant variations compared to previous years.






Key words: Fire Simulation in Garage, PyroSim, FDS, Jet Fans, CFD
Abstract: This article presents a fire simulation of a simple garage which is a template for learning fire simulation in garages. This model is used for academic purposes created in PyroSim Software with an academic license. First of all, the garage is drawn in AutoCAD 2D. After that geometry is imported into PyroSim as a 2D object. The 3D model was created in PyroSim. Boundary and initial conditions are declared for the developed model. Also, jet fans are modeled like HVAC elements with predefined flow. In the simulation, the five jet fans are used. The simulation time is 50 s. The results are shown as graphical results of smoke production, heat production, temperature, and velocity distribution. It could be concluded that jet fans work on the exhaust of the smoke.





Key words: Volunteer Firefighting Association, Fire Prevention, Fire Protection, Challenges in Firefighting, Community Protection
Abstract: This paper explores the rich history and current challenges that volunteer firefighting associations in Serbia are facing, with a particular focus on the Volunteer Firefighting Association of Šid as an example of good practice. These associations play a vital role in preservation of rural and less developed areas. However, modern challenges such as financial constraints, outdated equipment and a shortage of personnel are threatening their sustainability. Recommendations emphasize enhancing funding, attracting younger generations, and expanding activities in education and prevention. The example of the Volunteer Firefighting Association of Šid, which overcame significant obstacles and revitalized its activities, serves as an inspiring model for other associations. Through dedication and collaboration, volunteer firefighting associations can continue to ensure community safety and meet contemporary demands.





Key words: circular economy, sustainability, economic growth, ecological growth
Abstract: The circular economy is an important factor when looking at sustainability and represents a new economic paradigm, which aims to address numerous global changes, in order to ensure a successful future through the application of sustainable practices. Based on the previous literature research, it can be concluded that there is a limited amount of literature that supports the fact that the circular economy is a key driver of economic development. It is clear that sustainable business is becoming the key to the future, and in order to ensure this, it is necessary to integrate the circular economy, which brings numerous benefits in the direction of economic growth and consumption optimization. This enables the development of a strategy focused on more efficient resource use, which can contribute to improving key aspects of economic, social, and environmental development. The research helps policymakers in the field of circular economy, business managers, and other relevant stakeholders gain insight into the best approaches and business strategies, which are based on the synergy between circular economy and sustainable development.





Key words: nanotechnology, fire protection, personal and collective protective equipment
Abstract: Nanotechnology is increasingly being applied in almost all branches of industry, including fire protection. Nanostructures can be incorporated into products and equipment designed for the direct protection of individuals involved in fire protection activities, such as personal protective equipment (clothing, footwear, protective helmets, and respiratory protection devices). This paper provides an overview of the practical applications of nanotechnology in the production and use of personal protective equipment for firefighters and rescuers. Additionally, the paper reviews existing studies with research results that highlight improvements in firefighter safety levels through the use of protective equipment incorporating nanotechnology. The aim of this paper is to establish a foundation for the development of nanotechnology in the fire protection sector, which necessitates continuous research in this field in the future.



Key words: artificial intelligence, operational planning, military operations, application, possibility
Abstract: After the initial flurry and wide speculation in the literature regarding the application of artificial intelligence in big data processing and the application of artificial intelligence in combat systems, this article provides some much-needed specificity to the debate on artificial intelligence in military operations. The article identifies several segments in the operational planning process of military operations where it is possible to apply artificial intelligence that are likely to have real consequences for military applications from the operational to the tactical level. The article is part of the project "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Modern Military Operations since the Beginning of the 21st Century", ŠNO/DH/1/24-26, funded by the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Armed Forces.




Key words: Data Analysis, Data Visualization, Greenhouse Effect, Emission of Gases, Python Libraries
Abstract: The study presented in the paper emphasises on tracking and investigating various aspects of the greenhouse effect through data analysis methods. Two datasets were used for the case study that is discussed in the paper. The Python libraries Pandas, NumPy, and Matplotlib were implemented, together with the Google Colab environment. The study determined which human activities had the biggest influence on the emissions of the gases that cause the greenhouse effect. With a focus on Serbia and its surrounding nations, a thorough assessment of the distribution of greenhouse gas concentrations across various geographic regions was carried out. Understanding the causes and effects of the greenhouse effect is the research's contribution, since it will help design strategies for lowering emissions and lessening the effects of climate change.








Key words: Fire suppression, Sprinkler systems, Uniformity coefficient, Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM), Water distribution, Droplet size, Velocity, Computational modeling
Abstract: The implementation of sprinkler fire suppression systems involves significant challenges in the design and evaluation of effectiveness, due to the lack of standardized methods and the limitations of the coverage diagram provided by manufacturers. Engineers often rely on large-scale tests, which do not always reflect realworld fire conditions. Technological advances in measuring droplet size and velocity now offer new perspectives for computational modeling of sprinkler water spray behavior. The aim of the research was to measure the characteristics of the sprinkler water jet to obtain the data needed for computational simulations. Experiments were performed on a dedicated test stand to calibrate and verify the uniformity of water distribution within the spray pattern. Initial measurements indicated a uniform water distribution, with a Distribution Uniformity Coefficient (DU) exceeding 97%, confirming the effectiveness of the sprinkler at a pressure of 1 bar. The results suggest that the water distribution is homogeneous and adequate for fire suppression. However, the research needs to be expanded to include a wider range of sprinkler types, to ensure that the conclusions obtained are broadly applicable to different commercially available models.








Key words: fire sprinklers, modern technologies, innovation in manufacturing, sustainability, industrial optimisation, fire safety
Abstract: This paper analyses the latest advances in fire sprinkler manufacturing technologies, focusing on both traditional and modern methods. The study examines classical processing methods and advanced modern technologies, considering their advantages and limitations based on the specific requirements of components. Current trends, such as hybrid processes, high-performance materials and production automation, are discussed in detail, highlighting their potential to optimise manufacturing efficiency. Additionally, the paper explores future perspectives for developing more efficient and sustainable solutions, addressing both economic and environmental challenges. The results provide a foundation for future research and support the adoption of modern technologies in the fire sprinkler industry, contributing to enhanced safety standards.








Key words: risk factors, work environment, monitoring, special manufacturing, health, optimization, workplaces
Abstract: At a workplace, environmental conditions represent an important risk factor. Risk management in companies that have workplaces as part of the technological flows for manufacturing electrical and electronic products currently faces problems, due to the particularities of the working environment for operators. Optimizing environmental conditions at these workplaces is a major current goal. In the context of societal progress, workers are demanding much more demanding requirements for work requirements. Thus, multidisciplinary research is required to aim at greater compliance with the requirements of employees to have a workplace that is as clean, refined, and aesthetic as possible, in accordance with modern ecological culture, according to high standards. Due to this aspect, but also to the increase in cases of occupational diseases due to this category of employees, this research seeks to contribute to the search for ways to achieve unitary systems, integrated into the production system, which would permanently monitor the conditions for each workstation, with immediate notification of exceeding the limits within which the characteristic environmental parameters must fall, so as not to affect the health of the workers. Experimental research was carried out based on several types of measurements, in different working positions. The results obtained were interpreted, noting different extreme values, over short periods of time, which are not immediately detected. These shortcomings of the classical methods of monitoring environmental conditions and the presence of occupational hazards. Several essential measures are proposed to improve the monitoring of environmental conditions, so that these workplaces are safer and healthier for operators. There are also references to improving risk management, but also to increasing the level of employee training.





Key words: quality, management, safety, change, change management
Abstract: Constant changes in the economic, legal, political and technical-technological environment, have conditioned the need to adapt all parts and functions of the organization to the dynamics of change. Successful change management is crucial for the survival and growth of a company. The dynamism of change causes the creation of strategies of constant innovation. Such innovation is achieved by applying the TQM method, continuous improvements that are the core of this method. The application of TQM is also possible from the aspect of safety, which leads to a better definition of the goals and plans of the organization, as well as to the successful organization, control and improvement of procedures and processes that achieve the set goals and implement the established plans. The implementation of TQM in this area leads to a better definition of goals and plans of the organization, as well as to the successful organization, control and improvement of procedures and processes that achieve the set goals and implement the established plans. This implies that TQM is imposed as a need in the field of security management of the organization, all with the aim that the organization develops and grows smoothly, but also adapts to current changes and needs. The article examines the application of TQM from the aspect of realization of security management roles.

Natural and Mathematical sciences








Key words: e-learning, learning management systems, eLearning statistics, virtualization
Abstract: The main objective of this study is analysis of the eLearning system of The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Belgrade. This system has been fully involved in the educational process since 2018. This system is described in the introduction part. In the 2nd part, the manuscript gives an overview of contemporary eLearning solutions by describing the variety of the eLearning systems. The results presented in the 3rd chapter are based on data collected from 7 different subjects of one study program. Beside the information concluded, benefits and weaknesses of intensive usage of e-learning as a part of formal educational process, this paper proposes the improvement that can be obtained by using virtualization and transforming actual e-learning services into the new cloud solutions hosted at the educational institution.




Key words: AlFe-PILCs; FTIR spectroscopy; surface acidity; acid centers; acid-catalyzed reactions; chemical and environmental processes
Abstract The influence of iron ion content (Al/Fe ratio) and pH of the synthesis solution on the surface acidity of a series of AlFe-PILCs samples was investigated. The tests were performed by FTIR spectroscopic method, with identification of acidic centers by type. The samples were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and subsequently calcined. Mixed polyoxycations in the presence of basic synthesis solutions intercalate the host clay, resulting in mixed AlFe-pillars. It is assumed that as a result of coprecipitation at the selected Al/Fe ratios and synthesis conditions, a pillar space is formed with the simultaneous generation of strong acidic active centers of both Brönsted and Lewis types. It is assumed that coprecipitation with Al3+ in the presence of small amounts of iron ions causes modification of the acidity of the Al-PILC surface and development of acidity in relation to the host clay. The increase in the iron ions content during the synthesis of AlFe-PILCs causes a modification of the acidity in relation to Al-PILC and the host clay, as well as an approach of the total surface acidity of the formed AlFe-PILCs to Fe-PILC, with a very likely redistribution of acidity by type. Varying the pH of the synthesis solution significantly affects the development of surface acidity of AlFe-PILCs. It can be considered that the results of FTIR spectroscopy are correlated with the structure of the formed mixed pillars. The mixed pillar structure of varying acidity by type, depending on the examined synthesis parameters, provides the AlFePILCs samples with the potential of application in a wide range of acid-catalyzed reactions in the oilpetrochemical and basic chemical industry, but also in the field of environmental protection.





Key words: organizational culture, strategic management, enterprise, business strategy, organizational changes
Abstract: In business, there are often situations where an extremely good strategy does not achieve the desired results, or even leads to losses. Considering the complexity of organizational systems, the reasons for the failure or limited success of individual business strategies can be numerous and varied. Recently, there has been a growing understanding that the failure of business strategies is often the result of their incompatibility with the organizational culture of the company. This paper examines the influence of organizational culture on the effectiveness of selected business strategies, as well as on strategic management as a whole. Also, the need for organizational culture changes in our companies was discussed.





Key words: Education, Mathematics, Statistics, Multiple linear regression, Chi-square test of independence
Abstract: The aim of this study is to explore the impact of different factors, such as: students’ activity, colloquium result and time until the exam is passed, on students’ success on Mathematics exam. Multiple regression and Chi-square test of independence are applied to the real-life data based on teacher’s notes. Two groups of students, different in terms of: group size, trimester in which they attend classes, their performances and average success in the subject, are considered. Additional statistical tests are performed to confirm assumptions for correct application of the proposed methodology. The linear regression models are obtained and adequate conclusions are drawn.







Key words: reclaimed soil, lavender, sage, essential oil
Abstract: The study examined the chemical composition of essential oils of lavender and sage cultivated on demonstration fields of reclaimed soil at coal mines. Essential oils were extracted from plant samples using the hydrodistillation process, while the chemical characterization of individual components was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The research results revealed that the most abundant components of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil were: linalool (28.01%), linalyl acetate (27.59%), cis-β-ocimene (5.05%), trans-β-ocimene (4.09%), terpinene-4-ol (4.86%), lavandulyl acetate (5.90%), and β-caryophyllene (3.93%). The predominant constituents of Salvia officinalis essential oil were: α-thujone (26.65%), camphor (16.92%), αhumulene (10.02%), 8-cineole (6.93%), camphene (6.29%), β-thujone (4.46%), borneol (3.89%), α-pinene (6.21%), β-pinene (2.28%), and viridiflorol (1.67%). The analysis of essential oils from medicinal plants grown on the demonstration fields demonstrated a diversity of chemical constituents consistent with findings from studies on plantation-grown plants.



Key words: Mathematics, education, tangent line, normal line, programming, Mathematica, cloud, animation
Abstract: The main focus of this paper is the creation of an animated tutorial to enhance understanding of the use of the first derivative to find the equation of tangent and normal lines to curves. The animated tutorial is created using Wolfram Mathematica. For given input data, such as the curve equation and the observed interval on the x-axis, the program generates an output in the form of animated steps for determining the equations of the tangent and normal lines of the curve. The tutorial is posted on the Wolfram cloud and is shareable online. Besides, the tutorial is bilingual: the user can choose between two languages, English and Serbian.




Key words: Building materials, Clay, Kaolin, Brick, Ceramic industry, Natural radioactivity, Cs-137
Abstract: This review analyzes the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K) and the artificial radionuclide 137Cs in clay, kaolin, bricks, and ceramic tiles widely used around the world. Data from various studies were compared with global average values defined by UNSCEAR (1993). Higher concentrations of natural radionuclides were observed in kaolin samples compared to clay. Significant regional variations were also found, with elevated concentrations of 226Ra and 232Th in ceramic tile samples. These differences reflect the geological origin of the raw materials and technological processes in manufacturing. The presence of 137Cs was detected in trace amounts, which represents negligible radiological risk. However, natural radionuclides, particularly 40K, contribute to external gamma radiation, while 226Ra and 232Th pose potential inhalation risks for workers exposed to fine dust during processing. These findings highlight the need for consistent monitoring of the radioactivity of building materials to ensure safety standards. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing national guidelines and adopting protective measures for occupational exposure, ensuring that the effective dose remains within permissible limits, and safeguarding the health of the public and workers.








Key words: anti-tumor action, ascorbate, cell viability, concentration ratio 1:5, Fe(III)-substituted WellsDawson, HeLa cell line, in vitro cytotoxicity
Abstract: This study aims to assess the the effect of L(+)-ascorbic acid sodium salt (ascorbate) on the cytotoxic activity of Fe(III)-substituted monolacunary Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate (Fe-WD), K7[FeIII(α2- P2W17O61)(H2O)] (Fe-WD/ascorbate ratio 1:5) against cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. HeLa cells were treated in vitro with Fe-WD, ascorbate, and Fe-WD/ascorbate mixtures (concentration ratio 1:5) for 48 and 72 hours at 37 °C. Single and simultaneous treatments with Fe-WD/ascorbate resulted in concentration- and time-dependent HeLa cell cytotoxicity with different potencies. Fe-WD showed remarkably more potent cytotoxic action compared with ascorbate, inducing approximately 10-15 times lower IC50 values for both exposure times. The results obtained for the simultaneous exposure to Fe-WD/ascorbate mixtures (1:5) demonstrated that the presence of ascorbate does not significantly affect Fe-WD-induced anti-HeLa action. This effect might be associated with the fact that the concentration ratio of Fe-WD and ascorbate 1:5 causes ascorbate consumption due to its autoxidation in the presence of Fe(III) ions.







Key words: Numerical Methods, Python Programming, Engineering Education, Applied Learning
Abstract: This article presents an innovative approach to engineering education by integrating numerical methods with Python programming in a proposed course titled "Numerical Methods for Linear Systems with Applications in Python." The course focuses on foundational techniques such as Gaussian elimination, LU factorization, and the Jacobi method, emphasizing their implementation and application in solving real-world problems. By utilizing Python and its libraries (NumPy, SciPy), students gain hands-on experience with numerical computation and matrix manipulation, fostering critical thinking and practical skills. The curriculum bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and professional demands, equipping students with the tools to tackle complex engineering challenges. This model highlights the importance of applied education in preparing future engineers for a rapidly evolving technological landscape.




Key words: Generalized Time Scale, Graininess function, Exponential function, Delta derivative, Regressive function
Abstract: In this paper we introduce the exponential function on arbitrary graininess function on Time Scales. In the introduction of the paper, we provide the basic theory of the Time Scale, where Time Scales calculus unifies the continuous and discrete calculus and extends it to any nonempty closed subset of the real numbers. The exponential function is an integral part of the Laplace transform, and for this reason its study is very important. We base our paper on its extension to the Time Scale calculus, because the Laplace transform has recently been studied on a generalized Time Scale. We are interested in the asymptotic behavior of these functions We also present various properties of the exponential function and offer some examples.








Key words: Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM), Alloy steels, Corrosion resistance, Passive layer, Causality factors, Electrochemical methods
Abstract: This study investigates the corrosion behavior of X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel in acidic, neutral, and alkaline NaCl solutions using Electrochemical Frequency Modulation (EFM). The corrosion current density (jcorr) and corrosion rate (vcorr) were evaluated as key indicators of resistance to general corrosion. The EFM technique provided a quick and non-destructive method for determining corrosion rates, offering inherent data validation through causality factors (CF-2 and CF-3). Results showed that the steel exhibited the highest corrosion rates in acidic solutions, while neutral and alkaline environments promoted passive layer formation, enhancing corrosion resistance. The findings confirm the reliability of EFM for accurate corrosion assessment, highlighting its advantages over traditional methods in evaluating the performance of materials under various environmental conditions.






Key words: Digital materials, Electornic learning, Mathematics, College education
Abstract: This paper explores the impact of digital learning materials on enhancing mathematical knowledge of the college students. The study explore opinions and insights gathered from students regarding the effectiveness of digital learning platforms such as Google Classroom, Google Drive, etc. Key areas of this paper focus on indentifying the types of most beneficial digital materials and on the role of electronic materials in motivating students for learning, and the comparative efficacy of in-person versus online learning in mathematics education. Furthermore, the paper examines the potential benefits of incorporating innovative learning models, such as interactive quizzes, competitions, simulations, and educational apps, into the curriculum. The results provide valuable insights into student's preferences and the potential for digital tools to enhance mathematical learning outcomes. The findings suggest that while digital materials are generally well-received, the incorporation of interactive contents significantly enhances student engagement and learning efficiency.





Key words: Small Modular Reactors, nuclear energy, security, economy, energy transition, sustainability
Abstract: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) represent an innovative and promising technology in nuclear energy, combining economic viability, operational flexibility, and enhanced security standards. This paper explores the economic benefits of SMRs, including lower capital costs, shorter construction timelines, and scalability, making them an attractive option for both developed and developing countries. Additionally, their advanced security features, such as resilience to external threats and reduced risk of nuclear material proliferation, address critical concerns associated with traditional nuclear reactors.The analysis also considers security challenges and the market acceptance of SMR technology, which remain key hurdles to its widespread adoption. SMRs offer significant potential for contributing to the energy transition by supporting the diversification of energy sources, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and enhancing energy security, particularly in regions with limited access to reliable power. This paper emphasizes the importance of balancing economic feasibility with robust security measures, offering insights into how SMRs can play a transformative role in achieving sustainable energy goals.





Key words: nuclear energy, security, public opinion, nuclear policies, awerness, security risks
Abstract: Public opinion significantly shapes the development and acceptance of nuclear energy, particularly in countries like Serbia, where this technology is being reintroduced after a decades-long moratorium. This paper explores the interplay between public awareness, risk perception, and national policies in shaping the societal acceptance of nuclear energy. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from sociology, security studies, and communication science, the study investigates the factors influencing public attitudes and identifies key challenges to integrating nuclear energy into Serbia's energy strategy.The research highlights the role of security concerns, including nuclear safety, nuclear security, and potential misuse of nuclear materials, as central to public perception. Furthermore, the level of public awareness about the benefits of nuclear energy—such as its potential to ensure energy security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support sustainable development—is examined in relation to prevailing fears and misconceptions. The analysis reveals that low levels of trust in institutional frameworks, coupled with a lack of transparent communication, exacerbate public skepticism. The findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive national policies that balance security measures with public engagement and highlight the need for collaborative efforts between government, academia, and industry. By addressing public concerns and enhancing awareness, Serbia can build a more informed and supportive environment for the adoption of nuclear energy.






Key words: ICT tools, teachers of Chemistry, competence of teachers
Abstract: In this paper, using a questionnaire as a research instrument, the method and measure of the ICT tools application in the teaching process of chemistry in a four-year secondary school in Novi Pazar, Serbia, was examined. The attitudes of first and third year students, as well as their teachers, were examined. It was concluded that there is potential for increased use of ICT tools in the chemistry teaching, that students are very willing and interested in acquisition chemical knowledge using ICT tools. Teachers should be encouraged more in terms of attitudes that the use of ICT tools will not reduce the competence of chemistry teachers, and that the use of ICT tools without expert supervision is not expedient. The conclusions drawn from this preliminary research will serve teachers of Chemistry Teaching Methodology and School Practice at the State University in Novi Pazar to improve their classes.






Key words: silver electrodeposition, gold electrodeposition, pulse-reverse current, coating quality, energy efficiency
Abstract: This study explores the optimization of pulse-reverse current (PRC) regimes for silver and gold electrodeposition, aiming to enhance coating quality, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The research highlights the significant benefits of PRC, including the production of high-quality coatings with improved surface characteristics such as uniformity and reflectivity, achieved without hazardous additives. The optimized PRC parameters led to substantial energy savings, demonstrating the potential of these techniques in sustainable metal finishing processes. Through systematic adjustments of PRC parameters, the study achieved superior coatings, showcasing the technique's versatility and effectiveness. These findings underscore the value of PRC in advancing eco-friendly and cost-effective electrochemical deposition practices.









Key words: tritium, drinking water, LSC, risk assessment, dose
Abstract: The population is exposed to ionizing radiation from both naturally occurring and anthropogenic sources. The main pathways of exposure are ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin. Dose estimation of ionizing radiation due to ingestion of water or food, or due to inhalation is a key step in assessing the risk to the health of the population. Drinking water contains naturally occurring radionuclides potassium-40, and those of the thorium and uranium decay series. In addition, drinking water may contain artificial radionuclides as a consequence of accidental or regular discharges from nuclear facilities, the medicine industry, military activities. One of them, tritium, radionuclide which occurs in the environment both naturally and artificially can be present in drinking water. In order to estimate dose from drinking water for individual radionuclides, concentration of radionuclide must be known. Effective dose than can be estimated for different age groups. Research results provide important information for risk assessment and implementation of appropriate measures to protect public health. This manuscript evaluates the risk associated with tritium ingestion through drinking water, focusing on its sources, pathways, and regulatory standards.



Key words: hydraulics, frequency converter, hydraulics system, pump, saving energy
Abstract: Requirements that often arise in practice in the application of hydraulic system are such that they need at any time to respond to changing demands. It is a known fact that the hydraulic pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic power. Hydraulic pumps are designed so that they can give variable and constant capacity of fluids. Same structure with increased demands that need to respond are characterized by the relative complexity and higher cost price of such pumps. Hydraulics and electronics has been mutually complementary, so that the complexity of a single hydraulic components which would answer growing demands of working devices and machines can meet some simpler components of these areas. For this purpose, a hydraulic system and pump applies a constant displacement with frequency converter instead of complex and expensive pump variable displacement.





Key words: civil engineering, faculty, undergraduate program, industrialrevolution 4.0 era
Abstract: In this work, the undergraduate civil engineering academic studies at the Department of Civil Engineering and Geodesy at the Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia is presented according to the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era. The promotional activities for future civil engineering students at the Department ofCivil Engineering and Geodesy are analyzed.Future students from Generation Z have unique ways of learning and processing new information. As a result, activities, events and social media content, created for them, for the period 2022–2024,is analysed and explained.




Key words: digital teaching tools, basketball shot trajectory, big number theory, Wolfram Alpha, CrypTool
Abstract: This paper presents some digital tools which are used in teaching mathematics in School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Belgrade. Interactive examples of approximation of basketball shot trajectory by parabola is modeled using Wolfram Alpha. Some calculations with big numbers are presented in CrypTool, including applications in cryptography. The most significant advantages of digital tools are discussed, according to their ability to promote interactive learning.

Medical sciences







Key words: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, type 2 diabetes, obesity, semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, tirzepatide
Abstract: GLP-1 agonists are indicated for the treatment of adults with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes to improve glycemic control as an adjunct to diet and exercise. GLP-1 agonists bind to and activate GLP-1 receptors to stimulate insulin secretion, reducing glucagon secretion when blood glucose is high and delaying gastric emptying in the early postprandial phase. The following GLP-1 agonists are approved for therapeutic use: exenatide, liraglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide and tirzepatide. Semaglutide is a GLP-1 agonist, with a modified side chain, and can be administered subcutaneously or orally. It was approved for medical use in the USA in 2017. It is indicated: for the treatment of adults with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise, as monotherapy when metformin is considered inappropriate due to intolerance or contraindications, in addition to other diabetes medications.






Key words: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, type 2 diabetes, semaglutide, obesity, pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic
Abstract: Semaglutide is a GLP-1 agonist, with a modified side chain, and can be administered subcutaneously or orally. It was approved for medical use in the USA in 2017. It is indicated: for the treatment of adults with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise, as monotherapy when metformin is considered inappropriate due to intolerance or contraindications, in addition to other diabetes medications. It works through numerous mechanisms, such as increasing insulin secretion (glucose-dependent), inhibiting the release of glucagon and suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis. Semaglutide has pharmacokinetic characteristics compatible with once-weekly dosing and an elimination half-life of approximately 1 week. The maximum concentration is reached within 1 to 3 days after dosing. Steady-state exposure was achieved 4-5 weeks after the first one-week administration.




Key words: nurses, education, learning, students, motivation
Abstract: Nursing is a professional activity that requires continuous development, monitoring and constant adaptation based on scientific observation. By defining nursing as an integral and independent profession within the healthcare system, a whole series of professional, educational and social challenges have been set before the modern nurse. The main goal of this paper is to examine the motivation of the respondents for further education. The assumption that students have a positive view of lifelong learning has been confirmed. Understanding these attitudes is essential for creating a realistic picture of existing problems related to motivation in the learning process, with the aim of helping students achieve the desired learning outcomes and to be adequately motivated by educators. As education systems develop, it is also important for educators to take into account all attitudes and aspirations in order to adequately and meaningfully stimulate motivation for further education.




Key words: competencies, nursing, education, communication, skills, teamwork, curriculum
Abstract: Interprofessional education in nursing represents a key element in preparing healthcare professionals for contemporary healthcare challenges. This paper explores the significance and methods of developing interprofessional competencies in nursing education, with particular emphasis on bridging the gap between theoretical instruction and practical application. Through analysis of existing interprofessional education models and their effectiveness, the paper provides an overview of innovative approaches to developing communication skills and teamwork. Special attention is given to evaluating current educational programs and proposing curriculum improvements that better meet the needs of modern healthcare practice.




Key words: nursing, education, mental health, resilience, curriculum, student, well-being
Abstract: This literature review examines the integration of mental health support and resilience-building strategies in nursing education programs, analyzing research from 2019 to 2024. Through analysis of 12 selected studies, the review identifies effective approaches for supporting student mental health and developing resilience. Key findings highlight the significant impact of COVID-19 on nursing students' well-being and the effectiveness of comprehensive support mechanisms including regular screening, faculty mentorship, and peer support networks. The review reveals that successful programs incorporate both individual and group interventions while considering cultural factors. Validated assessment tools, including the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Perceived Stress Scale, prove essential for monitoring student well-being. Based on these findings, nursing education institutions should prioritize implementing structured peer support networks, regular screenings, and culturally sensitive resilience training programs.




Key words: Digital Pathology, Electronic Media, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Education
Abstract: Advances in technology have led to changes in many sciences, including pathology. The ability to store physical tissue preparations on electronic media has revolutionized the processing and analysis of pathohistological preparations. The ease of manipulation with digital preparations contributed to the improvement in diagnosis and seeking a second opinion (consultation), enabled the development of telepathology, and improved re-evaluation, archiving, sharing, and education. The digital preparation is subject to automatic software analysis based on machine learning methods. Such systems facilitate the pathologist's work, and can potentially recognize patterns in preparations that humans cannot see. Digital pathology made it possible to share preparations and consult with pathologists from the other side of the world in almost real-time. The introduction of computers and the Internet in less developed parts of the world opens the possibility of diagnostics in which experts can participate from the comfort of their homes.








Key words: professional drivers, attitudes, driving impairing medicines, alcohol, psychoactive substances, risk factors
Abstract: Psychoactive substances, including medicines and alcohol, can have a negative impact on driving ability, which is one of the leading factors contributing to the statistics of preventable traffic accidents. Attitudes have been shown to be predictors for safe driving behavior, and there is a correlation between negative attitudes and the risk of being involved in traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes of professional drivers about the influence of psychoactive substances on driving ability. The research was conducted as a multicenter cross-sectional study in the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 221 professional drivers, both genders. The average score related to the drivers’ knowledge was 30,45 (range from 8 to 37). About 15% and 30% of respondents consider that alcohol and medicines don’t have negative impact on driving, respectively. Professional drivers show inadequate attitudes about the impact of psychoactive substances on driving.








Key words: sleep problems; preschool children; nurse; education; sleep
Abstract: Healthy sleep is necessary for all ages, especially for children. Preschool age is a period of intensive development in all segments, and quality sleep is especially important for proper brain development in children. The aim of this paper was to present the most common sleep problems in preschool children and to make recommendations for improving sleep hygiene. The most common sleep disorders are: Obstructive sleep apnea, snoring, insomnia, parasomnias and restless legs syndrome. The quality of children's sleep is affected by many factors: the temperature in the room, the bed, the use of electronic devices, the Internet, etc. Due to the aforementioned factors, the assessment and study of sleep quality and sleep disorders in the pediatric population is a great challenge. The key would be to improve the education of healthcare workers about the importance of quality sleep in children, so that they can educate parents about this major problem.








Key words: antitumor action, ascorbate, 1:5 concentration ratio, equimolar mixture, Fe(III)-substituted WellsDawson polyoxometalate, human melanoma A375 cell line, in vitro cytotoxicity
Abstract: In this study, the anti-human melanoma A375 effect of Fe(III)-substituted monolacunary WellsDawson polyoxometalate (Fe-WD), K7[FeIII(α2-P2W17O61)(H2O)] and L(+)-ascorbic acid sodium salt (ascorbate) mixed in the concentration ratios of 1:1 and 1:5 was evaluated. Exponentially growing A375 cells were exposed in vitro to Fe-WD, ascorbate, and Fe-WD/ascorbate mixtures for 48 and 72 h, at 37 °C. Fe-WD, ascorbate, and their mixtures resulted in concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic actions with different potencies against A375 cells. The results of the simultaneous exposure to equimolar Fe-WD/ascorbate mixtures indicated an additive inhibitory effect of the mixture components on A375 cell viability. The equimolar Fe-WD/ascorbate ratio was found to be more favourable compared with the 1:5 Fe-WD/ascorbate ratio which demonstrated an antagonistic cytotoxic action of the studied compounds on A375 cells. Although the equimolar ratio is more suitable in the context of the potential pharmacological application of Fe-WD as an antitumor drug candidate in combination with ascorbate being commonly prescribed as a supplement therapy, further studies on different FeWD/ascorbate ratios generating abundant free radicals are suggested to find a more potent antitumor activity.



Key words: Clinical education, clinical practice, physiotherapy, higher education, undergraduate program
Abstract: Clinical education is a crucial component of undergraduate physiotherapy studies, conducted through clinical practice courses. World Physiotherapy recommends a minimum of 820 hours of clinical practice, in diffrent settings (acute care, rehabilitation, and community) across core areas such as musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiorespiratory care.The main aims of this paper are to highlight tools for assessing students clinical perforamance, discuss benifits and challenges of clinical education.Methods: Evidence was drawn from PubMed, EBSCO databases, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, focusing on publications from the last ten years in English. Results: This literature review highlights commonly used standardized, validated and reliable tools for assessing students’ achievements during clinical education and describe locally developed instrument, Assessment of Clinical Performance in Physiotherapy (ACPP). Conclusion: Clinical education is highly important as it enables students to adapt to real-life scenarios, transfer knowledge from the classroom, and adjust to working with patients. It must be structured clearly to allow students’ development and competency acquisition.






Key words: Motivation, learning, nursing, health care, nursing education
Abstract: Preparing students for their future profession is the essence of the teacher's role. This implies the acquisition of knowledge, the development of practical skills and the formation of responsibilities. Learning, as a central concept of pedagogical psychology, is not limited to school learning, but encompasses a wider range of activities. The education of nurses is not only the acquisition of knowledge but also the formation of skills, habits and attitudes. Motivation, both internal and external, is key to student success in all phases of nursing education. As teachers and professors, we have an important role in fostering motivation, which is important for student development.




Key words: glaucoma, intraocular pressure, nutrition, body mass index, dietary patterns
Abstract: Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness, affects millions of people worldwide. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the primary risk factor, emerging evidence highlights the role of nutritional factors and dietary patterns in its development. This study investigates the impact of nutritional predictors, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage on IOP values in the Central Serbian population. A cross-sectional study of 342 participants (49% female, 51% male), aged 18–65 years without a prior glaucoma diagnosis, was conducted. BMI, body fat percentage, and IOP (measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry) were recorded. Dietary habits were assessed via validated questionnaires. Results revealed that increased consumption of leafy greens, citrus fruits, and omega-3-rich fish correlated with lower IOP values, while higher BMI and body fat percentages were associated with elevated IOP. Women exhibited healthier dietary habits, whereas men were more affected by body fat's impact on IOP. These findings underscore the importance of dietary modifications and weight management in reducing IOP and glaucoma risk, providing a foundation for future interventions and educational programs.




Key words: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Decision Making; Ethics, DNACPR; Resuscitation Orders; Invasive Care
Abstract: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency medical intervention undertaken in an attempt to restore breathing and circulation after respiratory or cardio-respiratory arrest. However, the likelihood of recovery varies depending on individual circumstances. Globally, the percentage of people who survive after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is relatively low, and just predicting the outcome after cardiac arrest in a hospital or out-of-hospital environment is not an easy task for health professionals. Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) exist to ensure the immediacy and clarity of instructions in the event of cardiac arrest. This order is issued at the request of the patient or based on clinical judgment, as the likelihood that the patient will survive CPR is low. Accordingly, guidelines and policies have been developed across countries that aim to provide ethical, evidence-based recommendations to maximize the benefits of life-sustaining treatments and respect the patient's rights.




Key words: stress, nursing staff, stress coping strategies
Abstract: Stress is an inherent part of every person's existence. Due to the nature of the work that nurses do, there may be much more of it than the average person. The existence of strategies and styles of coping is very helpful, which is why it is so important which one is chosen. Purpose of the work:Assessment of the occurrence of stress and stress coping strategies among nurses. Material and method: The study included 315 nurses working in Małopolska. The study was conducted from December to March 2024. The research used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), the Mini-COPE questionnaire and an original survey questionnaire.Results and Conclusions: Sociodemographic factors influencing the occurrence of stress among nurses are age and place of residence. Age, marital status, education and work experience influenced the methods of coping with stress among respondents. The most common strategy for coping with stress in the study group was active coping and the least frequently used strategy was taking psychoactive substances.




Key words: job satisfaction, burnout, stress management
Abstract: Medical workers are exposed to burnout and stress, and the situations they encounter require them to develop methods for coping with stressful situations or negative emotions. Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse the way in which nursing staff manage stress and emotions and its impact on job satisfaction. Material and methods: The study included 363 nurses. The study was conducted electronically using Microsoft Forms using the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire MSQ and the Mini-COPE questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square, Phi, V Kramer test was used along with additional methods - the exact method or Monte Carlo. Results and conclusions: Amongthe respondents, the use of constructive methods of managing stress and emotions partially influenced job satisfaction. Nurses negatively assessed the pay system used at work and too many duties.




Key words: assistive mobility technologies, smart devices, neurology, geriatrics
Abstract: The rapid development of high technology and artificial intelligence at the end of the last century and into the 21st century has led to the creation of advanced assistive devices for mobility, particularly for neurological and geriatric patients. Evidence was drawn from PubMed, EBSCO databases, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, focusing on publications from the last ten years in English. The main aims of this paper are to describe the most common high-technology mobility devices, discuss their practical applications, and review evidence-based practices. This literature review highlights commonly used high-tech devices, such as smart walkers, smart wheelchairs, robotic-assisted treadmill systems, and wearable exoskeletons. The robotic-assisted treadmill system is the most commonly used device in clinical practice. Advanced assistive technologies have demonstrated significant benefits in neurorehabilitation and among geriatric populations. However, their practical use remains limited due to resource constraints, accessibility issues, and knowledge gaps. Future research should address these barriers by focusing on healthcare professional training, efficacy in improving quality of life, and accessibility.

Philosophy, psychology, education, pedagogy and sociology





Key words: teamwork, social loafing, cyber loafing, organizational behavior, contemporary business environment
Abstract: This paper explores the phenomenon of social loafing, which is defined as the tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working in a team compared to their efforts when working independently. Such behavior can undermine the efficiency and adaptability that organizations strive for, resulting in decreased performance and increased interpersonal conflicts. Key factors contributing to social loafing are identified, including team size, task characteristics, and personal characteristics of team members. The paper also addresses the emergence of cyber loafing in the digital age, emphasizing its prevalence among employees. Furthermore, it presents practical strategies for leaders and managers to mitigate social loafing, such as fostering smaller teams, clearly defining responsibilities, and promoting open communication. These strategies aim to enhance both team performance and morale, ultimately improving overall organizational effectiveness.



Key words: burnout, academic burnout, university students, burnout consequences, Serbian students
Abstract Burnout syndrome, initially observed in workplace settings, has increasingly been recognized as a significant issue among university students. Academic or student burnout is a state of the uttermost exhaustion that results from prolonged exposure to stress in the academic environment. High academic demands, lack of support systems, and maladaptive coping mechanisms are some of the factors that contribute to its occurrence. To raise awareness of this prevailing disorder, the paper explores its characteristics and consequences. It also provides limited data on the burnout prevalence of Serbian university students. The findings show that burnout can lead to severe personal and academic outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and disengagement from studies, negatively affecting not only the students’ health and performance, but also their families, the university, and the broader community. The paper emphasizes the need for further research, especially in underexplored student populations, to develop effective strategies for preventing and reducing burnout in academic settings.





Key words: social skills, social competences, teachers, preschool institution, family
Abstract: Educators play a significant role in the development of social skills of preschool children. The aim of the research was to examine the attitudes of educators about children's social skills, the approaches they use in their work and their recommendations for further work. The research was carried out during 2024 in the kindergartens of the Srem district, and it included 62 preschoool teachers. The questionnaire was created for the purposes of this research, and it examined views and attitudes in accordance with the goal of the research. The results indicate that children of preschool age manifest both socially desirable and socially undesirable and unacceptable patterns of behavior. It implies the promotion of better and more inventive approaches in work, as well as the active participation of parents in various activities that can have a significant impact on the development of children's social skills.





Key words: reflection, reflective practice, preschool teacher
Abstract: This paper starts from a holistic paradigm as a theoretical approach to understanding reflective practice. The aim of the research was to examine the extent to which preschool teachers use reflective practice in their educational work. The sample includes 109 preschool teachers from institutions in Novi Sad and Belgrade, who expressed their views by responding to items in a scale of the assessment created for the needs of this research. The results indicate that preschool teachers do reflect on certain aspects of educational work in preschool settings, suggesting that most participants use reflective practice techniques. However, action research and critical reflection appear to be utilized to a lesser extent. In order for preschool teachers to identify a problem and solve it through action research, it is necessary to develop and enhance their skills in reflective practice. The pedagogical implications of the research results pertain to the advancement of initial teacher education, which should focus on developing and increasing professional competencies required for effective reflection. Through participation in action research, self-reflection, and group reflection with colleagues, preschool teachers strengthen their professional competencies for a reflective approach to educational practice.





Key words: children, healthy diet, obesity, prevention
Abstract: Modern sedentary lifestyle brings numerous challenges in the development of healthy habits in children. The most common consequence of unhealthy diet and reduced physical activity is obesity, which also brings about the risk of many chronic conditions and diseases. In order to raise children’s awareness of the importance of healthy lifestyle, The paper presents various activities on the topic of healthy eating, based on an integrated approach through play as the most natural learning method. The focus is mostly on aspects of the activities related to Methodology of Foreign Language Teaching and Methodology of Fine Arts Education, however, it is possible to integrate Methodologies of Language Development, Environmental Education, Physical Education and other areas. The children had positive reactions to the activities and were empowered to try foods that they had previously refused, thanks to the positive influence of their teachers, peers and their own research based on play.





Key words: artificial intelligence, preschool education, management, social equity, societal impact
Abstract: Artificial intelligence is increasingly becoming an integral part of preschool education, offering tools for more efficient management and innovative learning. However, its application also raises concerns about potential challenges impacting the educational trajectories of new generations and broader social contexts. The societal implications of artificial intelligence are particularly significant, as they intersect with issues of reshaping educational standards and, consequently, with social equity. This paper examines the key advantages and disadvantages of applying artificial intelligence in preschool education within a societal framework. The identified advantages emphasize social benefits, such as the development of executive control, experiential learning, creative problem-solving, and intrinsic learning motivation for the new generations. The disadvantages, on the other hand, include cognitive laziness, algorithmic bias, and data misuse, which may undermine educational equity and the principles of inclusive education. This paper underscores the dual impact of artificial intelligence and examines both benefits and risks by addressing both societal dimensions. It advocates for a balanced approach to integrating artificial intelligence in early education, with particular attention to its potential role in either reducing or exacerbating social inequalities.



Key words: interculturalism, school, education, cultural dialogue, competence, outcomes
Abstract: As contemporary society is characterized by pronounced interculturality, the role of school and education in general, has changed drastically. Education plays a significant role in encouraging and developing a democratic culture among members of different groups. Moreover, the educational system in an intercultural society has a key task of educating and training every student for cooperation, partnership, tolerance, respect for diversity and effective communication with the immediate and wider social environment. The paper discusses the realization of the concept of interculturalism in schools in order to create conditions for implementation of intercultural values, to encourage and educate pupils for co-existence, understanding and creation of intercultural relations.



Key words: chronic anxiety, physical health, mental health, stress, adaptation
Abstract: Chronic anxiety significantly impacts physical health, resulting in the development of psychosomatic disorders, commonly including cardiovascular or gastrointestinal issues, weakened immune systems, reduced psycho-physical resilience, migraines, and similar conditions. This review paper examines the fundamental mechanisms linking anxiety to physical symptoms, manifested as reactions or organic symptoms caused by dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and chronic stress. The focus is on the interaction between mental and physical health, the role of adaptation processes, coping styles, stress management strategies, and social support in mediating this relationship. Modern preventive and therapeutic approaches, primarily psychotherapy, mindfulness techniques, and integrative medical interventions, can mitigate the negative consequences of chronic anxiety. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for improving treatment and promoting holistic health. This paper provides insights into the complex connection between chronic anxiety and physical manifestations through the lens of contemporary psychological and medical research.



Key words: psychosomatic disorders, psychological factors, stress, quality of life, well-being, support
Abstract: Psychosomatic disorders are conditions where psychological factors contribute to the development or worsening of physical symptoms. These disorders often develop into chronic conditions that impair emotional stability, social relationships, and work capacity, significantly reducing quality of life. This paper examines the causes and mechanisms of psychosomatic disorders, with a particular focus on factors contributing to their development, such as chronic stress, anxiety, depression, or repressed emotions. The impact of these disorders on overall psycho-physical well-being, daily activities, professional functioning, and interpersonal relationships is also analyzed. A holistic approach combining psychological and medical strategies proves essential for symptom reduction and overall well-being improvement. Understanding the mind-body connection provides a foundation for developing effective support methods and preventive measures, thereby enhancing the quality of life for individuals dealing with these disorders. The importance of timely diagnosis, integrative treatment through psychotherapy and medical interventions is crucial for symptom reduction and improving the living standards.



Key words: communication, treatment, patient, healthcare professional, interaction, empathy, active listening
Abstract: Communication plays a key role in professional practice and patient treatment, ensuring the exchange of information, building trust, and achieving therapeutic goals. This review paper explores the significance of effective communication between healthcare professionals and patients, analyzing how verbal and nonverbal interaction affects the quality of care and treatment outcomes. The analysis also highlights the broader impact of communication on overall quality of life. Special emphasis is placed on empathy, active listening, communication models, and tailoring communication to individual patient needs. The paper also focuses on challenges such as language and cultural barriers, time constraints, and emotional stress, as well as strategies to overcome them. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of relevant research findings, scientific results, and practical recommendations that can help healthcare professionals enhance their communication skills and thus contribute to improved healthcare outcomes. It concludes that communication is an essential element of a holistic approach to patient care.





Key words: children with developmental disabilities, parental information seeking, health information, digital health literacy, social work
Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine how parents of children with developmental disabilities acquire and use health information about therapies and treatments for their children. The research focuses on various information sources, including online sources, and the role they play in the information-seeking process. A questionnaire was distributed to 71 mothers of children enrolled in preschool programs with an Individualized Education Plan or receiving additional support between October and December 2024 in Serbia, most of whom were highly educated, lived in urban areas, and had one child. The findings revealed that mothers were generally satisfied with information from health professionals but often turn to additional sources of information: personal contacts, the internet, and printed materials, while showing varying levels of trust in these sources. The study emphasizes the significance of online health information, with a focus on professional sources such as doctors, pediatricians, and psychologists. When searching for more detailed insights online, mothers seek and use information from reliable resources, such as official websites and professional blogs. Finally, the study reflects on the role of social work in supporting parents in navigating this complex landscape of online health information and ensuring access to credible resources.




Key words: emotional intelligence, ecological intelligence, preschool-aged children, education, gender
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between emotional and ecological intelligence in preschoolaged children. The study investigates their interrelation and the influence of factors like age and gender. Utilizing tailored questionnaires data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results revealed that girls exhibited higher empathy and ecological sensitivity, with a positive correlation between the two types of intelligence. The findings emphasize the importance of early education in nurturing emotional and ecological skills and suggest designing programs for holistic development and sustainable behaviours.






Key words: digital tools, inclusive education, transition, barriers, higher education
Abstract: Digital transition form secondary to higher education for students with disabilities would help students with disabilities cross historical, structural, psychological, behavioural and attitudinal barriers and provide equal opportunities for all students. The overview of the last decade attempts shows that the full inclusion of these students has not been achieved. For this reason, different aspects related to infrastructure, the teaching–learning process and institutional management have to be improved in order to facilitate the presence of these students in university classrooms. Regarding environmental modifications, it is important to include technological resources and implement digital tools that would improve the accessibility of higher education institutions by providing tailored resources and support students with disabilities need to succeed academically and participate fully in the learning process.






Key words: early age, communication, competence, foreign language acquisition
Abstract: The question of the institutionalization of the English language in a preschool institution represents an important aspect of acquiring a second language at an early age, given the fact that experts’ opinions on this matter still differ significantly. The authors of this paper investigated different ways of a second language activities introduction into regular educational activities in preschool institutions, as well as the competences and motivation of preschool teachers to be engaged in the process of implementation of second language acquisition activities. The research results showed that preschool institutional management, as well as the preschool teachers are aware of the necessity of developing the communication in a foreign language at an early age and point out the need of re-examining the English Language curriculum at Vocational Colleges for Preschool Teachers, as well as the introduction of professional development programmes directed at strengthening the competence of communication in a foreign language.





Key words: engagement in academic activities, participation in academic activities, life satisfaction, students, extra-curricular activities
Abstract: The article explores the topics of students’ engagement in academic activities as well as students’ life satisfaction. It discusses the importance of curricular, co-curricular, and extracurricular activities and emphasizes their positive effects on students’ academic performance, personal development, and social integration. The article also presents empirical data from the SHINE project involving Serbian students, with a focus on their participation in extracurricular activities and their life satisfaction. The findings reveal that students in Serbia consider these activities important for their education and future careers, as well as their personal and social development. Regarding students’ life satisfaction, project findings show that students are mostly satisfied with their family relationships and mostly dissatisfied with their financial situation and recreational opportunities. These findings emphasize the significance of fostering supportive environments for students and suggest that increasing students’ participation in different kinds of academic activities could improve their well-being, and their current and future success.






Key words: knowledge sharing, knowledge donation, knowledge collection, university students, collaborative learning, academic performance, knowledge management
Abstract: Universities are increasingly encouraging practices typical of contemporary work settings to support students in acquiring the skills and behaviors they need for future employment. One such practice is knowledge sharing, which includes exchanging ideas, experiences, and information within the observed entity. This process has been extensively studied in organizational contexts, where research has demonstrated its positive effects on both work performance and the well-being of employees. Following these findings, researchers have started investigating knowledge sharing within academic settings. This article provides a review of knowledge-sharing literature, and the pioneering studies related to university environments. Additionally, it presents empirical data from a study involving Serbian students, exploring their knowledge-sharing behaviors. The findings reveal that the examined students are inclined to donate as well as collect knowledge, that these two knowledge-sharing behaviours are significantly connected, and that they positively influence students’ perceived academic performance.




Key words: Career center, services, labour market
Abstract: The intention of this paper is to point the necessity of having Career centers at applied higher education institutions. The labour market is dramatically changing every year due to new technologies entrance in all businesses each year. Very often Students can not choose their most suitable career while passing exams, so the career center has to provide services that can help students to better profile themselves for future work. This paper analyses existing services at the university level in Serbia and strives to provide guidelines for applied higher education.





Key words: parental alliance, parent-teacher communication, parental stress, parental engagement, inclusive program
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine how various measures of parental engagement and functioning influence the adaptation and progress of children with developmental disabilities within preschool group settings. The research included 71 mothers of children with diverse developmental challenges who were either following an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or were involved in individualized instruction in preschool institutions. The findings revealed that mothers demonstrated a high level of engagement in fostering their child's development, while communication with educators and collaborators was rated as accessible. Children's progress in preschool was assessed as very good. Correlation analysis indicated an association between children's progress and the quality of the parental alliance, parental involvement in child development, and collaboration with preschool institutions. Additionally, the study identified interrelationships between variables of parental support, parental alliance, and lower levels of parenting stress.







Key words: psychology, family, adolescence, systematic approach, family relations
Abstract: The entry of the family into adolescence begins with the onset of puberty of the first child, and ends when the children leave home. This phase is characterized by an increased need for flexibility on the part of parents in relation to the increasing independence of children. All family members are in constant negotiations regarding the new needs of the children. These needs go with increasing independence and freedom initiated by young family members. The central event in the marriage, in this phase, is the midlife crisis of one or both parents, which results in an intense rearrangement of the relationship in the marriage. Observing the adolescent in his current life situation from the point of view of the family system in which he lives, gives a new perspective for understanding the process, relationship, causality and dynamics of psychological changes of a young man. A personal identity crisis accompanied by intrapsychic changes on the mental and emotional level has its parallel in a family crisis, which is reflected in the shifting of interpersonal boundaries, changes in behavior patterns and the redefinition of the entire family dynamic.




Key words: higher education, information and communication technology, digital and generic competences, remote learning, post-COVID, educational challenges
Abstract: This research paper analyzes the functioning of higher education systems during and in the postCOVID period with a particular focus on the increased application of information and communication technologies (ICT). The aim of the research was to examine the transformations in teaching methods and remote learning processes, identify the key challenges faced by educators and students, and analyze the competencies acquired by all participants in the educational process. Additionally, the paper explores attitudes toward the integration of ICT in higher education, highlighting both the positive and negative aspects of technology implementation in this context. Qualitative interviews with students and professors from the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Law provided a deeper and more detailed insight into the changes brought about by the pandemic, emphasizing the adaptation of educational practices and their long-term sustainability.



Key words: pragmatics, psycholinguistics, workplace communication, intercultural communication
Abstract: Effective communication is critical in professional contexts, where misunderstandings can lead to inefficiencies, conflicts, and reduced productivity. Pragmatic failures, which occur when the intended meaning is not conveyed or understood appropriately, are a common challenge in workplace communication. This article examines the psycholinguistic underpinnings of these failures, focusing on their cognitive and linguistic causes. By understanding the mechanisms behind pragmatic failures, we can devise strategies to mitigate them, enhance communication in professional environments and equip students with skills that will help them avoid the pitfals in their future professional life.




Key words: ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, education, teaching, learning
Abstract: ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) application increasingly used in educational settings. This paper explores the benefits and challenges of using ChatGPT from both educators’ and students’ perspectives. Major benefits for educators include simplifying curriculum and lesson planning, grading assignments, language translation, supporting research, and enabling better time management. From students’ perspectives, ChatGPT facilitates adaptive learning, offers personalized learning experiences, and provides information for research projects and homework assignments. However, challenges such as generating incorrect information, lack of human interaction, reliability issues, risks of plagiarism, and ethical dilemmas have also been identified. ChatGPT usage is not yet widespread, primarily due to a lack of knowledge and adequate training among educators and students. Future studies should investigate the efficacy of ChatGPT in education and its long-term impact on learning and teaching.



Key words: training, human resource development, innovative approach, coaching, mentoring
Abstract: The trends of globalization, growing competition, innovation, and technological development have led to numerous changes in the labor market. The training and development of employees contribute to the improvement of their skills through the application of numerous innovative methods. A career no longer develops within a single organization. Investing in human resources and developing their knowledge and potential become priority tasks for managers in a challenging environment. Organizations that create a culture of learning, and acquiring new knowledge, skills, and abilities among their employees have a greater chance of attracting a quality workforce. The paper emphasizes the importance of training and development as well as the need for introducing innovative approaches in human resource management, and the application of innovative methods such as coaching and mentoring.





Key words: Generative AI, Higher Education, Ethical Guidelines, Academic Integrity, Transparency
Abstract: This paper explores the transformative impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) on higher education, focusing on its implications for research and academic writing. While GAI offers unprecedented opportunities to enhance learning, streamline research processes, and personalize educational experiences, it also presents significant challenges. These include concerns surrounding academic integrity, the potential erosion of critical thinking skills, and ethical considerations related to bias, transparency, and the evolving role of educators. Drawing upon a detailed analysis of GAI's capabilities and challenges, the paper proposes a methodological framework for the ethical integration of GAI into academic work, emphasizing the importance of transparency, accountability, and a commitment to core academic values. A Faculty of Organizational Sciences case study illustrates a proactive institutional response to these challenges, highlighting guidelines prioritizing responsible GAI use. The paper concludes that continuous adaptation and collaboration are essential to harness GAI's potential while mitigating its risks effectively.




Key words: preschool-aged children, educational activities, project planning, intermediality, environmental education, children’s literature
Abstract: This article presents the results of research aimed at determining the effects of applying intermediality in educational activities with preschool-aged children, specifically in the areas of early environmental education and children's literature, within the context of project planning. The research was conducted online through a survey of 150 preschool teachers employed in institutions across the Republic of Serbia. The findings indicate positive effects of incorporating intermediality into educational activities with preschool-aged children. Key indicators of successful application include: a deeper understanding of content and more effective acquisition of new concepts related to environmental education, better retention and the ability to apply learned knowledge in new situations, and heightened interest and motivation among children to engage with intermedial literary content. These results can serve as a foundation for improving educational practices in kindergartens, as well as for integrating intermediality into relevant curricula in environmental studies and children's literature courses at the Preschool Teachers' Training College in Kikinda, as well as at other teacher training institutions throughout the Republic of Serbia.



Key words: teacher competencies, speech, TED Talks, tradicional lectures
Abstract: Technology, Entertainment, Design Talks – TED Talks are one of the good practice examples of audiovisual media accessed online. The TED Talks platform emphasizes information, education, and inspiration. The slogan "Ideas Worth Spreading" means the offer of the variety of topics - scientific, cultural, political and academic - that can provide informative education about a given idea. TED Talks have an impressive overall reach as they are open to everyone. TED talks are in many ways the antithesis of traditional lectures. Perhaps the formality of the lecture is the biggest superficial difference compared to relaxed TED talks. In this article, we are asking is it possible to use TED Talks in teaching? Can teachers use TED structure and make better lectures? Is it possible to to overcome the differences and to create better understanding in the classroom?





Key words: therapeutic riding, hippotherapy, children with disabilities, physiotherapy, psychotherapy
Abstract: Horseback riding as a therapeutic method has been used for centuries to improve the physical and mental health of individuals with disabilities. This professional paper explores various aspects of therapeutic riding, including hippotherapy, special pedagogical riding, recreational and sports riding, and equine-assisted psychotherapy. The aim of this study is to highlight the significance of this method, its indications, contraindications, and its contribution to children with disabilities by enhancing motor functions, emotional stability, and social integration.

Law, economics and political sciences








Key words: innovations, entrepreneurship, corporations, economy, entrepreneur
Abstract: Innovation enables entrepreneurship to achieve significantly faster growth and development of productive goods, regardless of the enterprise. Entrepreneurship becomes crucial and decisive in societies undergoing significant and transformative changes. This can be explained by the inherent need for a structural formula for society's development during periods of technological, economic, cultural, political, and ideological transformations. Modern entrepreneurship today emerges as a form of dynamic development of ideas, talent, knowledge, and risk. It is considered a sociocultural phenomenon that facilitates realizing human potential in the economic sphere. The outcome of entrepreneurship is reflected in the capital generated by people, i.e., personnel, with the entrepreneur at the forefront. The success or failure of an entrepreneur largely depends on society, the environment, and the enterprise itself. Entrepreneurship can be individual, managed exclusively by one person, or corporate, within large corporations, where it is associated with limited competition and the division of management and risk functions. Entrepreneurship is closely linked to economics.




Key words: IMF, World Bank, Rural Development, Credits for agriculture
Abstract The partnership between international financial institutions and local banks is essential for fostering sustainable economic growth and reducing disparities between urban and rural areas. Rural regions face barriers such as limited financial services, investment opportunities, and infrastructure. Local banks and cooperatives, closely connected to their communities, provide critical financial services like agricultural loans and microfinance, meeting unique rural needs. However, international financial institutions are less involved in Serbia and neighboring countries. This paper argues that their increased support—through financial aid, technical expertise, and advisory services—can drive rural development. By analyzing the roles, policies and programs of both types of institutions, the study highlights their potential to foster economic growth in rural areas around the world.





Key words: Circular Economy, Sustainable Finance, Green Bonds, Impact Investing, Public-Private Partnerships
Abstract: This paper explores the role of finance in advancing the circular economy (CE), focusing on how financial strategies can support the transition to more sustainable and resource-efficient business models. The study explores the financial mechanisms such as green bonds, impact investing, and public-private partnerships that facilitate circular economy projects, highlighting their potential to reduce environmental impact and promote long-term economic growth. It also discusses key challenges in financing circular initiatives, including long investment horizons, regulatory uncertainties and the lack of standardized financial models. The paper concludes that the integration of environmental, social and governance criteria (ESG) in investment decisions and the development of innovative investment models, such as product as a service, will be key in scaling circular economy practices. Ultimately, a joint effort between financial institutions, policy makers and businesses is essential to create a sustainable circular economy.





Key words: Green Marketing, Customer retention, customer satisfaction, consumer purchase behaviors
Abstract: As the world advance to a new advance 21st century, many breakthroughs are being introduced in all walks of our daily lives ranging from the medical industry to the use of technology. Every passing day a new idea comes and is being implemented which carries the purpose of making our daily lives and the lifestyle which we live in better. But besides this when the world is moving forwards one must also learn from the past mistakes during the industrial revolution which was that very little or even no emphasis was given to the damage what caused this great development and is still causing a great damage to our mother earth and the environment that we live in, similarly the earth itself damaging levels of toxins are every day released in the atmosphere which is leading us to a great climate change thereby altering the temperature of the planet earth. The green marketing concept was revolutionized in the 1970s, this was the era in which the customers were slowly becoming aware of the global warming, environmental damaging phonemes and its catastrophic effects to the planet earth what led to the green products and material gaining popularity in the late 80s and 90s. (Dabija, 2017). The market developed a liking towards acceptance of more eco-friendlier products than ever before. Customers are now taking eco friendlier products into consideration and are worried about their shopping habits and the attitude towards purchasing of products that are eco friendly (Salarzehi & Jahromy, 2015). The basic purpose of this paper is to inquire about the role of green marketing on the customer satisfaction and retention. The objectives are to look into the customers’ perception towards the linking of green marketing efforts by the manufacturers and its influence on the customer satisfaction and retention. Similarly Green Marketing is spreading in the global market as well as in the Pakistani market as well which has developed an increase ecological awareness among the customer.




Key words: strategy of internationalization, reasons of internationalization, market growth, analysis of opportunities, risk analysis, decisions
Abstract: Processes of globalization, increasingly intense competition on national markets, accelerated development of technology and increasingly intense role of buyers in the international market, have contributed to domestic markets not being sufficient for business growth and development. The company can base its growth, apart from domestic sales, on the growth of sales on the market outside the borders of the national economy. Internationalization of business provides benefits to the company that implements it, but also to the domestic and foreign markets where the company operates. The foreign market receives numerous resources and products that it could not produce independently. Internationalization of business, like any other strategic option, is motivated by the possibility of increasing the value of the company. Before making a decision on the internationalization of business, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of doing business in a foreign market. Also, during the internationalization of business, there are a number of dangers and barriers to entering a foreign market.






Key words: Digitalization, Garson software, Rural tourism, Rural tourist household, Business
Abstract: Rural tourism offers significant development opportunities in regions rich in natural and cultural resources. However, many rural tourism enterprises face challenges related to service quality, operational efficiency, and digital transformation. Hospitality software solutions, such as Garson, provide potential for modernizing operations. This study explores the application of Garson software in rural tourism businesses, focusing on its impact on management practices and operational efficiency. Following an analysis of Garson's use in local hotels and restaurants, the paper presents the results of a survey conducted with rural tourism business owners, who evaluated the software's effectiveness. The discussion also addresses the unique accounting needs and financial management challenges in rural enterprises. The findings highlight both the opportunities and challenges of adopting Garson software. The paper concludes with recommendations for leveraging digital tools to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of rural tourism businesses.





Key words: franchising, tourism industry, standardization, brand awareness, local economy, sustainable development, innovation, Serbia, global brands
Abstract: Franchising has proven to be an efficient business model that enables business expansion with minimal risk and significant potential for sustainable development. In the tourism industry, which faces challenges such as seasonality, service diversity and intense competition, franchising offers the opportunity to standardize service quality and increase brand awareness. This paper examines the importance and role of franchising in tourism, analyzes its impact on the local economy through job creation and infrastructure development, and highlights the main benefits and challenges of this model. Special attention is given to the analysis of successful examples of global franchise systems such as Hilton Hotels and TUI Group, as well as recommendations for the further development of franchising in Serbia and the region. The paper provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the potential of franchising in improving tourism offerings, with a focus on innovation and adaptation to local markets.




Key words: Pastry, desserts, tourist experience, hospitality industry, tourism
Abstract: This review paper examines the significant role of desserts in shaping tourist experiences within the hospitality industry. It highlights how desserts serve as cultural symbols that enhance the sensory and emotional dimensions of tourism. The findings indicate that desserts are integral to a destination's identity, influencing tourist satisfaction and engagement with local culture. The paper emphasizes the strategic importance of desserts in destination marketing, particularly in the context of social media, where visually appealing desserts can attract tourists. By understanding the multifaceted influence of desserts, practitioners can enhance tourist experiences, promote cultural heritage, and increase visitor satisfaction. This review paper offers essential guidance for hospitality professionals looking to use desserts to create lasting culinary experiences that leave a strong impression on tourists.





Key words: artificial intelligence, media management, marketing, decision-making, personalization, data analytics, automation, digital media
Abstract: The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in media management and marketing has significant potential for improving decision-making processes, efficiency, and risk management. This paper examines four key AI approaches: human-like thinking, human-like behaviour, rational thinking, and rational behaviour— highlighting their relevance to the media industry. AI transforms traditional operations by analysing large datasets, automating tasks, and personalizing strategies, reducing costs and improving campaign outcomes. It facilitates real-time analytics and dynamic campaign adjustments while strengthening target audience relationships through tailored content. However, challenges arise in adapting to unpredictable environments like media management, where creativity and intuition are vital. AI's limited contextual understanding also hinders broader application. The research shows that while AI cannot replace human intuition and creativity, its integration significantly enhances efficiency and strategic planning, especially for digital platforms leveraging audience data for targeted content. Balancing AI's capabilities with human oversight is crucial to maximizing its potential in media management and marketing.




Key words: Sustainable hospitality, luxury, eco-fiendly, tourism, destination
Abstract: This research explores the intersection of sustainability and luxury within the hospitality sector, focusing on eco-tourism destinations. Conducted from December 2023 to July 2024, the study surveyed 537 respondents to provide insight into their perceptions and preferences regarding sustainable travel. A mixed methods approach was applied, using online survey platforms such as SurveyMonkey and Google Forms to collect quantitative data, along with qualitative insights gathered from in-depth interviews. The survey involved carefully curated e-mail contact with individuals interested in sustainable travel practices, ensuring a diverse group of respondents. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.001) between travelers' perceptions of sustainability and their views of luxury experiences, indicating that environmentally friendly practices increase the appeal of luxury accommodations. In addition, businesses that prioritize sustainability were found to be 1.5 times more likely to attract environmentally conscious travelers. Effective communication of sustainable initiatives was also shown to have a positive effect on passenger perception, with a significant association identified (χ2 = 45.78, df = 1, p < 0.001). The study concludes that sustainable hospitality is an integral part of luxury travel, highlighting the need for hospitality businesses to adapt their offerings and marketing strategies to meet the expectations of environmentally conscious travelers.





Key words: accounting, auditing, ethics, research and Serbia
Abstract: Ethics provides a practical framework for application in areas like business conduct. Business ethics studies morals and behavior in business situations, distinguishing between ethical and unethical practices. Over the last two decades, the importance of professional ethics has grown, particularly in accounting and auditing, where professionals hold significant responsibility for releasing financial information. Accountants track income, expenses, and prepare reports, while auditors enhance organizational efficiency and asset management. Both roles require adherence to ethical principles, rules, and laws to positively impact organizations. Ethical behavior in these professions depends on upbringing and professional environments, enabling wise, independent decision-making. Their contributions are essential to the business world. This study, conducted among 70 respondents from companies in Serbia, explores the critical role of ethics in accounting and auditing.






Key words: user experience, online survey, Maxi supermarkets, customer satisfaction, business improvements
Abstract: The research on Maxi supermarkets was conducted through a survey with 102 respondents, using a Google questionnaire as a data collection method. The aim of the research was to understand the attitudes and experiences of users regarding the services of Maxi Supermarket, as well as the reasons why users return to this brand. The survey included questions that allowed us to explore customer satisfaction, perceptions of the supermarket and its impact on respondents' daily lives. This research also contributes to the understanding of the role of the Internet as a resource for information, entertainment and other activities, with a particular focus on how users experience and use the Maxi Supermarket online platform. The obtained data will serve as a basis for analyzing competitive strategies and improving the user experience in Maxi supermarkets. The results of the research will indicate the key aspects that need to be improved, as well as the areas in which Maxi is already successful. Our ultimate goal is to strengthen relations with users and improve business through innovative approaches and creativity in work.







Key words: CRM, customer satisfaction, loyalty, banking market, digital technologies, customer experience, personalization
Abstract: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key tool for improving customer satisfaction and loyalty in the modern banking sector. This paper analyzes the importance of CRM system implementation in the banking market through the prism of personalization of services, communication improvement and user experience optimisation. A special focus is placed on integrating digital technologies that enable banks to understand clients' needs better and create customized offers. The research results indicate that the implementation of CRM significantly contributes to increasing customer satisfaction, which is directly reflected in their loyalty and long-term value for the bank. This paper provides guidelines for the strategic implementation of CRM as a competitive advantage in the dynamic banking market.






Key words: The Farm to Fork Concept, Gastronomy, Gastronomic Tourism, Local Products
Abstract: This paper examines the impact of the 'Farm to Fork' concept on the development of gastronomic tourism in Serbia, with a focus on the integration of local products into the offerings of rural tourist households. Through a survey of tourists, data were collected on their perceptions, satisfaction, and willingness to recommend destinations that apply this approach. The results show that by implementing the 'Farm to Fork' strategy, rural destinations can significantly enhance their appeal, promote sustainable development, and strengthen local identity. The research highlights that this concept plays a key role in creating a competitive gastronomic offering and supporting the economic growth of rural communities. The paper provides recommendations for improving gastronomic tourism through the integration of local products and the development of sustainable practices.





Key words: Hotel Tamiš, Pančevo, F&B, Financial forecasting, Matinee, Management, Hospitality
Abstract: This paper explores the financial forecasting models applied to the matinee services at hotel Tamiš, which encompass food, drinks, and music offerings, over the period from March 2024 to December 2024. Utilizing Excel 365 for comprehensive financial analysis, the study examines key metrics such as total revenue, raw material costs, and profit margins associated with these services. Findings indicate that effective management of raw material costs, which account for a significant portion of expenses, alongside strategic pricing, plays a crucial role in enhancing overall profitability. The integration of diverse revenue streams from food, drinks, and live entertainment is highlighted as a key factor in optimizing financial performance. The paper emphasizes the importance of adapting services to meet guest expectations and suggests avenues for future research, including the impact of guest’s feedback on the success of matinee offerings in the hospitality sector.





Key words: real estate, data analysis, Power BI
Abstract: This paper analyzes the real estate market in Serbia in the period from 2019 to 2024, with a focus on the main urban centers: Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš. The aim of the paper is to identify trends and dynamics in the real estate market, as well as to analyze the impact of global and local factors on this market. The methodology includes collecting and processing data from official sources, as well as using the Power BI tool for data analysis and visualization. The results show a constant increase in real estate prices in the analyzed cities, with the presence of different trends in new and old construction.



Key words: inflation, deflation, cagan model, purely monetary model, social effects, european central bank, economic crisis, effects of inflation
Abstract: Motivation and purpose of the research topic In addition to the generosity of this topic "Inflation", the motivation for its choice takes into account the following statements: • The theory of economic crises and their consequences came out of the research interests before the Great Recession, but also after; • Theoretical concerns aimed at highlighting the most important determinants of inflation; • The few target-based inflation-forecasting models • The development of the first purely monetary model, the Cagan model. The theme "Inflation, the effect of economic crises: the main determinants of instability at European level, but also at the level of Romania" is very important not only because it highlights the role of inflation in this economic cycle but also because it finds out the effects of the recession. Recession forecasting has always been considered the "holy grail" of macroeconomics. Predicting recession is not only important for the government and the banking sector to ensure quality of life, but also to secure jobs.




Key words: Digital Transformation, Public Sector, Efficiency, Governance, Policy Analysis
Abstract: This study aims to delve into the transformative capabilities of digital technologies within the public sector, focusing on the critical factors that influence the adoption and implementation of it. We followed a complex qualitative approach to identify key drivers of digital transformation. Using articles indexed in Web of Science and Scopus, we integrated theoretical frameworks, case studies, policy and normative acts. Thus, automation, advanced analytics and citizen-centric design are essential for obtaining an efficient process of transformation. The results also show that critical challenges such as bureaucratic resistance, regulatory constraints, and limited resources are impeding the successful implementation of these technologies. Moreover, the findings also illustrate how strategic investments, workforce upskilling, and adaptive policies are leveraging these technologies effectively.






Key words: Digital Marketing, Video Marketing, Video Platform, Social Networks, Trends
Abstract: Businesses' marketing techniques have changed as a result of the evolution of the internet and social media, which has altered customer expectations. Digital marketing deployment has become essential. Businesses are using video marketing more and more to stay up with environmental developments. A very common way to communicate and engage with target audiences is through user-generated video content. It gives brands fresh chances to interact creatively and dynamically with their audience. This article tries to emphasize the potential of video marketing, given the widespread usage of video in marketing and its ability to reach target audiences. The goal of the paper is to point out the importance of using video content in digital marketing based on the analyzed reference sources. The findings of this paper indicate that video content is a necessary tool for the successful implementation of a marketing strategy.






Key words: tourist safety, risk perception, adaptation strategies, resilience, crisis decision-making, media influence
Abstract: This study examines the influence of risk perception, adaptation strategies, and media influence on tourists’ resilience and their decision-making processes in the context of safety concerns during crises. By focusing on tourist behavior in uncertain environments, the research aims to identify key determinants of resilience and how they shape travel decisions. A sample of 150 respondents from Serbia was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings underscore the significance of adaptation strategies and the interplay of perceived risks and media in fostering resilience, providing valuable insights into tourist safety management during geopolitical and environmental crises. These results contribute to the theoretical understanding of tourist behavior and offer practical implications for enhancing safety measures and strategic communication in tourism.




Key words: private higher education institutions, financing
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the financing of the private sector of higher education in the Republic of Serbia. The subject of the work is private higher education institutions that operated in the Republic of Serbia in 2022. The data used during the analysis were collected from the financial reports of higher education institutions from the website of the Serbian Business Registers Agency, as well as from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. In the Republic of Serbia and its surroundings countries, about 15% of students study at private higher education institutions. When looking at income, the main source is students' tuition fees, while on the expenditure side, it is salary costs (teaching and non-teaching staff), since the education sector is laborintensive.





Key words: TQM, business excellence, quality management system, quality of product-service, AI, Jeda.ai
Abstract: The importance of quality is becoming increasingly prominent across all areas of society, including modern management. The heightened competition in the global market has made quality a crucial strategic element for achieving business success and a vital principle for organizations aiming to secure a competitive edge in a landscape marked by liberalization, globalization, and a more educated customer base. The introduction of Total Quality Management (TQM) has played a significant role in shaping contemporary management practices. Implementing TQM is essential for enhancing product and service quality, boosting customer satisfaction, strengthening competitive advantages, increasing market share, and improving a company's reputation and value. In today's competitive environment, TQM is vital for fostering continuous improvement and upholding high standards. With the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI), businesses can further enhance their TQM practices. This article examines how the integration of the Total Quality Management Framework with AI is revolutionizing quality management practices, resulting in more efficient and data-driven processes.



Key words: Service industry, COVID-19 pandemic, Innovation, Resilience, Adaptation
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global business operations, particularly in service industries, creating significant challenges in adapting to new realities. This paper explores the multifaceted impacts of the pandemic on service companies, including operational disruptions, financial instability, changes in consumer behavior, supply chain challenges, and digital transformation efforts. Businesses faced declining revenues, increased financing needs, and closure risks, necessitating remote work, innovative solutions, and strategic financial management to ensure survival. Service companies struggled with disrupted supply chains, evolving consumer preferences, and the urgent need for health and safety measures, which required investments in technology, digital transformation, and alternative operational strategies. Digitalization, while offering opportunities for resilience and growth, posed challenges regarding data security, employee training, and rapid implementation. This study highlights how service companies responded to these challenges by embracing innovation, fostering collaboration, and rethinking strategies to build resilience and adapt to the post-pandemic landscape.






Key words: R&D, economic development, UE27, clustering, dendrogram, graphical visualisation
Abstract: This research analyses the relationship between research and development (R&D) expenditures and economic development, focusing on how these expenditures evolve and impact economic growth. Our study starts by classifying the regions of the European Union based on various economic and development indicators using advanced data analysis techniques. It employs a graphical visualisation in Tableau to highlight key descriptors and variations between regions in 2021, while the K-means clustering algorithm in Knime is used to identify and analyse these differences. The results evidence that research and development expenditures in Eastern Europe, including Romania and Bulgaria, are insufficient, despite these countries coming close to the average economic development of the EU. Additionally, countries with high research and development expenditures do not always exhibit a correspondingly high level of economic development. The findings emphasise the need for cohesive R&D policies to enhance competitiveness and sustainable growth across EU member states.




Key words: Digital Government, Government Effectiveness, DESI, Digitalization policy, Digital Technology
Abstract: In this study, we will conduct a literature review to examine the significance of the relationship between governmental effectiveness and digitalization. At the same time, we aim to demonstrate that digitalization is a critical factor in the modernization of national institutions and the enhancement of governance in the current technological era. The degree of digitalization is assessed using several specific metrics, the most comprehensive of which is the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI). DESI is a composite index that evaluates countries' digital performance and progress in integrating digital technologies. In the empirical analysis, we will test the H1 dependency hypothesis: "Digitalization improves the act of governance," using "government effectiveness" as the dependent variable and selecting DESI sub-indicators as independent variables. Data for EU-27 member states (2013–2022) was processed with SPSS statistical software. Validating the hypothesis offers valuable insights for shaping public policies to advance digitalization.





Key words: insurance companies, risk, management
Abstract: Insurance companies, as entities engaged in financial services related to uncertain events, are particularly exposed to risks, which is the focus of this paper. In their operations, insurance companies continuously transform assets and liabilities from one form to another. As a financially accumulated industry, insurance companies possess significant investment potential. The short and long-term success of an insurance company depends on the effectiveness of identifying and quantifying risks, which are observed in two dimensions but are fundamentally inseparable, both those it manages and those to which it is directly exposed. This paper aims to examine the specificities of risk management in insurance companies, with particular emphasis on investment and operational risks.





Key words: tourism, cultural and historical heritage, teaching, students, attitudes
Abstract: This work presents the research conducted among students of the Academy of Professional Studies Šumadija, Department of Aranđelovac, enrolled in the Tourism and Hospitality Management program. Within the study, students expressed their attitudes regarding three groups of statements: 1) the mutual influence of the curriculum and knowledge that students acquire on one and trips and visits to places with cultural and artistic content on the other side; 2) the influence of curriculum on the understanding of cultural and artistic heritage; and 3) its influence on the understanding of contemporary cultural and artistic events and the development of tourism in Serbia. We used exploratory factor analysis for statement grouping and the Likert scale to present the attitudes. We found no significant difference in attitudes between the groups of students from different years. The results could be a starting point for all curriculum developers in higher education and for improving tourism education..



Key words: IT, AI, (IoT), economic development, organizational management, sustainability, resource management
Abstract: The rapid development of information technologies (IT) has a significant impact on economic development and organizational management. Emerging IT technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT), greatly improve business competitiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. This paper explores how these technologies reshape business processes, optimize resource management, and contribute to sustainable economic growth. It analyzes how the implementation of new technologies helps organizations to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve environmental aspects of business operations. Also, the paper addresses global challenges arising from digital transformation and discusses strategies for effectively managing change within organizations. The focus is on how digital solutions enable organizations to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions and obtain long-term sustainability, in gthe same time strengthening their competitiveness in the global economy.





Key words: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, regional cooperation, international relations, development models, Russia, China
Abstract: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is one of the most important regional multilateral mechanisms in Eurasia. From an organization for the resolution of border disputes, it has developed into a complex system that includes eight full members, several observers and partners for dialogue. Today, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization represents a platform for strengthening regional stability, economic integration and the promotion of multilateralism. At the same time, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization faces enormous challenges, which are primarily reflected in defining its role in global politics. The aim of the work is to analyze models of possible further development of this organization. Also, the potential consequences of the expansion of its work are analyzed, especially in the context of new global initiatives and great power rivalry.





Key words: higher professional education, professional study academies, labor market
Abstract: The rapid pace of technological advancement and social changes has profound implications for the future of higher professional education and the global labor market. This paper explores transformative trends shaping professional higher education, the obsolescence of certain jobs, and the emergence of new professions. Special emphasis is placed on adaptive learning systems, interdisciplinary approaches, and the integration of technology in education to prepare for the rapidly evolving employment landscape. Particular attention is given to professional studies and their role in bridging the gap between academic theory and industry needs. The paper also reflects on the formation of professional study academies in Serbia, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of this educational institution model.





Key words: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Generative AI (Gen AI), auditing profession, audit trends, workforce transformation
Abstract: This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and generative AI (GenAI) on the audit profession in the Republic of Serbia. It analyses workforce trends compared to the European Union (EU), revealing a decline in the number of traditional audit practitioners, but an increase in roles requiring AI and IT expertise. Using secondary data and theoretical analysis, the research highlights the willingness of younger auditors to adopt AI, in contrast to the reluctance of older professionals. The findings highlight the need for skill development to maximise the potential of AI while maintaining the critical role of human judgement in complex audit tasks.



Key words: discourse, otherness, Goli otok, division, prisoners, marginalization, torture
Abstract: The paper will primarily explore the question of „otherness‟ at Goli otok through the use of discourse. Goli otok used to be the most notorious prison island for political prisoners in Yugoslavia2 , established in 1949. Although it was officially in operation until 1989, the practice of sending political prisoners was ended by 19553 . Discourse was one of the various means by which the officials established the so-called „otherness‟, a demarcation line between the politically correct (those who supported president Tito) and „banda‟ or those who obstinately persevered in their support for Stalin. The analysis will try to show that, besides physical and mental torture, the prisoners of Goli otok were being constantly marginalized and brainwashed into abandoning their political beliefs and actions by the officials (and the very prisoners of Goli otok) through the use of discourse.




Key words: financial instruments, financial markets, financial derivatives, digital options
Abstract: This paper represents the analysis of various financial instruments that should be available in the financial market of the Republic of Serbia and enable its faster economic development. These include financial derivatives such as options, futures, and swaps, as well as a new generation of derivative instruments like exotic options. The growth of a nation's economy is assessed, in part, by the progress of its financial market, which is made up of various segments. The financial market is a crucial aspect of a country's economic growth, offering vital investment opportunities for investors. One key segment within this market is the financial derivatives market, which involves trading financial derivatives both on organized exchanges and in the OTC market. The advancement of this market segment is essential for mitigating or eliminating business risks and securing investments, thereby making it more attractive to investors.







Key words: Project profitability, Sustainability analysisInvestment efficiency, Infrastructure projects, IT sector investments, Tourism services, Return on investment (ROI)
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of the profitability and sustainability of projects across four sectors: infrastructure, information technology (IT), environmental protection, and tourism services. The study evaluates investment costs, return on investment (ROI), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR) to assess the financial viability of projects in each sector. Additionally, sustainability indicators, including environmental impact and contribution to economic growth, are examined. Using a structured data approach, the research highlights sector-specific advantages and challenges, identifying projects that offer the best balance between profitability and long-term sustainability. The findings suggest that IT projects provide rapid ROI, while infrastructure projects contribute most to GDP but require longer payback periods. Environmental protection projects show high sustainability potential, whereas tourism services require low investment and generate quick returns. The study provides valuable insights for decision-makers in strategic investment planning.

Linguistics and language for specific purpose






Key words: foreign language learning, vocabulary acquisition, English as a foreign language, semantic sets
Abstract: New vocabulary items of a foreign language are often presented, taught and learned by means of word lists. One way of grouping new words is semantic clustering. The paper draws special attention to the benefits of semantic word sets which can be found in many textbooks intended for learning English both for general and special purposes. It has been shown that semantic clusters are compatible with different learning approaches. Justification for semantic clustering is presented along with theoretical background. Moreover, the most influential studies containing empirical evidence in favour of semantically related sets are stated in order to prove that this way of presenting target words facilitates vocabulary learning.





Key words: language, Orwell, control, semantics, literature, dystopia
Abstract Language is defined as the distinctive human ability that has a great role in molding humans‘ thoughts and deeds. It is a unique tool that is not used simply to communicate but also to apprehend and even to give shape to reality. One of the major themes presented in Orwell‘s famous dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is using language to control minds. Orwell warns us about the consequences of language being employed in the context of ideological politics. The authors of the paper analyze semantic and pragmatic nuances of Newspeak, as well as the possibilities of its exploitation by modern means of communication in suppressing creativity, freedom and individuality. The indispensable connection between language and thinking process, as well as the power of the literature in shaping and re-thinking the postulates of modern society, emphasize the need for cultural and linguistic studies devoted to philosophical and ethical questioning of language (ab)use in order to exert dominance, power and control.




Key words: menus, translation, translation errors, culinary authenticity, culturally specific terms
Abstract: Menu translation from Serbian into English drastically affects the dining experience of foreign tourists in Serbia. This paper explores the linguistic, cultural, and practical problems in menu translation, including the most common errors and ways of devising correct and culturally appropriate translations. Frequent errors in spelling, capitalization, word-for-word translation, and the use of culturally specific terms are signs that menu translations are frequently not professionally translated or revised. As a result, they endanger the restaurant's reputation and make it difficult to communicate with foreign tourists. Such issues are commonly caused by using machine translation technologies with limited knowledge of the target language and its culture. The paper emphasizes the need to preserve culinary authenticity while simultaneously ensuring clarity and appeal for English-speaking guests, using real-life case studies and relevant academic literature.





Key words: differentiated, instruction, teaching, model, diversity
Abstract: Teaching language for specific purposes at academies of applied studies involves significant challenges, primarily due to the large number of students attending lectures together, many of whom are enrolled in different study programs, with little to no overlap. This diversity within student groups can make the teachers face certain obstacles, and due to that they must identify the effective teaching models that engage all students, while providing opportunities for them to acquire knowledge that is both relevant and beneficial for their future careers. The goal is to provide all the students with the right level of challenge. This paper explores the application of differentiated instruction strategies at the Academy of Applied Studies Polytechnic, with the aim of enhancing teaching practices in English language teaching (ELT) at the Academy.



Key words: Serbian language, Italian language, phraseologisms, stella, zvezda
Abstract: This paper explores the phraseological significance of stars in Serbian and Italian idioms, highlighting their shared cultural and symbolic meanings across both languages. Drawing on historical and folk traditions, it examines the role of stars in shaping expressions related to fate, fame, and life experiences. In Serbian, idioms such as roditi se pod srećnom zvezdom ("to be born under a lucky star") and zvezdani trenutak ("the best moments") reflect the belief in celestial influence over human destiny. Similarly, in Italian, expressions like nascere sotto una buona stella and vedere le stelle ("to see stars") convey comparable notions of luck and sudden shock. The study identifies semantic parallels and structural differences in these idioms, offering insights into how both cultures interpret stars as symbols of guidance, fortune, and human significance. These linguistic expressions, rooted in shared astronomical observations, reveal cross-cultural similarities in the perception of stars as metaphors for life's highs and lows.